Compounds

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are 2′-spiro-nucleosides and derivatives thereof useful for treating a subject infected by hepatitis C virus or dengue virus.

PRIORITY

Priority is claimed to U.S. provisional patent application 61/417,946, filed on Nov. 30, 2010.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein are 2′-spiro-nucleosides and derivatives thereof useful for treating hepatitis C virus and dengue virus infections.

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem that leads to chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, in a substantial number of infected individuals, estimated to be 2-15% of the world's population. According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control, there are an estimated 4.5 million infected people in the United States alone. According to the World Health Organization, there are more than 200 million infected individuals worldwide, with at least 3 to 4 million people being infected each year. Once infected, about 20% of people clear the virus, but the rest can harbor HCV the rest of their lives. Ten to twenty percent of chronically infected individuals eventually develop liver-destroying cirrhosis or cancer. The viral disease is transmitted parenterally by contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated needles, or sexually and vertically from infected mothers or carrier mothers to their offspring. Current treatments for HCV infection, which are restricted to immunotherapy with recombinant interferon-α alone or in combination with the nucleoside analog ribavirin, are of limited clinical benefit. Moreover, there is no established vaccine for HCV. Consequently, there is an urgent need for improved therapeutic agents that effectively combat chronic HCV infection.

The HCV virion is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus with a single oligoribonucleotide genomic sequence of about 9600 bases which encodes a polyprotein of about 3,010 amino acids. The protein products of the HCV gene consist of the structural proteins C, E1, and E2, and the non-structural proteins NS2, NS3, NS4A and NS4B, and NS5A and NS5B. The nonstructural (NS) proteins are believed to provide the catalytic machinery for viral replication. The NS3 protease releases NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from the polyprotein chain. HCV NS5B polymerase is required for the synthesis of a double-stranded RNA from a single-stranded viral RNA that serves as a template in the replication cycle of HCV. Therefore, NS5B polymerase is considered to be an essential component in the HCV replication complex (K. Ishi, et al, Heptology, 1999, 29:1227-1235; V. Lohmann, et al, Virology, 1998, 249:108-118). Inhibition of HCV NS5B polymerase prevents formation of the double-stranded HCV RNA and therefore constitutes an attractive approach to the development of HCV-specific antiviral therapies.

HCV belongs to a much larger family of viruses that share many common features.

Dengue viral infections are problematic in the tropical and subtropical regions of the word. Shi et al. Top. Med. Chem. (2001) 7:243-276. The dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted to humans by certain mosquitoes, and it is has been estimated that up to about 50 million infections occur each year. Parkinson et al. Future Med. Chem. (2010) 2(7): 1181-1203. At the present, there are no specific treatments for dengue viral infections. Fagundes et al. Drug Development Research (2011) 72:480-500. DENV is comprised of ten proteins that includes three structural proteins (C, prM, and E) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). Of these ten proteins, only NS3 and NS5 are known to possess enzymatic activity. A desirable drug substance is one that interferes with the action or function of any one of these ten viral proteins.

Flaviviridae Viruses

The Flaviviridae family of viruses comprises at least three distinct genera: pestiviruses, which cause disease in cattle and pigs; flavivruses, which are the primary cause of diseases such as dengue fever and yellow fever; and hepaciviruses, whose sole member is HCV. The flavivirus genus includes more than 68 members separated into groups on the basis of serological relatedness (Calisher et al, J. Gen. Virol, 1993, 70, 37-43). Clinical symptoms vary and include fever, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever (Fields Virology, Editors: Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., and Howley, P. M., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa., 1996, Chapter 31, 931-959). Flaviviruses of global concern that are associated with human disease include the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever viruses (DHF), yellow fever virus, shock syndrome and Japanese encephalitis virus (Halstead, S. B., Rev. Infect. Dis., 1984, 6, 251-264; Halstead, S. B., Science, 239:476-481, 1988; Monath, T. P., New Eng. J. Med, 1988, 319, 64 1-643).

The pestivirus genus includes bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV, also called hog cholera virus) and border disease virus (BDV) of sheep (Moennig, V. et al. Adv. Vir. Res. 1992, 41, 53-98). Pestivirus infections of domesticated livestock (cattle, pigs and sheep) cause significant economic losses worldwide. BVDV causes mucosal disease in cattle and is of significant economic importance to the livestock industry (Meyers, G. and Thiel, H. J., Advances in Virus Research, 1996, 47, 53-118; Moennig V., et al, Adv. Vir. Res. 1992, 41, 53-98). Human pestiviruses have not been as extensively characterized as the animal pestiviruses. However, serological surveys indicate considerable pestivirus exposure in humans.

Pestiviruses and hepaciviruses are closely related virus groups within the Flaviviridae family. Other closely related viruses in this family include the GB virus A, GB virus A-like agents, GB virus-B and GB virus-C (also called hepatitis G virus, HGV). The hepacivirus group (hepatitis C virus; HCV) consists of a number of closely related but genotypically distinguishable viruses that infect humans. There are at least 6 HCV genotypes and more than 50 subtypes. Due to the similarities between pestiviruses and hepaciviruses, combined with the poor ability of hepaciviruses to grow efficiently in cell culture, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is often used as a surrogate to study the HCV virus.

The genetic organization of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses is very similar. These positive stranded RNA viruses possess a single large open reading frame (ORF) encoding all the viral proteins necessary for virus replication. These proteins are expressed as a polyprotein that is co- and post-translationally processed by both cellular and virus-encoded proteinases to yield the mature viral proteins. The viral proteins responsible for the replication of the viral genome RNA are located within approximately the carboxy-terminal. Two-thirds of the ORF are termed nonstructural (NS) proteins. The genetic organization and polyprotein processing of the nonstructural protein portion of the ORF for pestiviruses and hepaciviruses is very similar. For both the pestiviruses and hepaciviruses, the mature nonstructural (NS) proteins, in sequential order from the amino-terminus of the nonstructural protein coding region to the carboxy-terminus of the ORF, consist of p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B.

The NS proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses share sequence domains that are characteristic of specific protein functions. For example, the NS3 proteins of viruses in both groups possess amino acid sequence motifs characteristic of serine proteinases and of helicases (Gorbalenya et al, Nature, 1988, 333, 22; Bazan and Fletterick Virology, 1989, 171, 637-639; Gorbalenya et al, Nucleic Acid Res., 1989, 17, 3889-3897). Similarly, the NS5B proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses have the motifs characteristic of RNA-directed RNA polymerases (Koonin, E. V. and Dolja, V. V., Crir. Rev. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 1993, 28, 375-430).

The actual roles and functions of the NS proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses in the lifecycle of the viruses are directly analogous. In both cases, the NS3 serine proteinase is responsible for all proteolytic processing of polyprotein precursors downstream of its position in the ORF (Wiskerchen and Collett, Virology, 1991, 184, 341-350; Bartenschlager et al, J. Virol. 1993, 67, 3835-3844; Eckart et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1993, 192, 399-406; Grakoui et al, J. Virol. 1993, 67, 2832-2843; Grakoui et al, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 1993, 90, 10583-10587; Hijikata et al, J. Virol. 1993, 67, 4665-4675; Tome et al, J. Virol, 1993, 67, 4017-4026). The NS4A protein, in both cases, acts as a cofactor with the NS3 serine protease (Bartenschlager et al, J. Virol. 1994, 68, 5045-5055; Failla et al, J. Virol. 1994, 68, 3753-3760; Xu et al, J. Virol, 1997, 71:53 12-5322). The NS3 protein of both viruses also functions as a helicase (Kim et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1995, 215, 160-166; Jin and Peterson, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1995, 323, 47-53; Warrener and Collett, J. Virol. 1995, 69, 1720-1726). Finally, the NS5B proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses have the predicted RNA-directed RNA polymerases activity (Behrens et al, EMBO, 1996, 15, 12-22; Lechmann et al, J. Virol, 1997, 71, 8416-8428; Yuan et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1997, 232, 231-235; Hagedorn, PCT WO 97/12033; Zhong et al, J. Virol, 1998, 72, 9365-9369).

A number of potential molecular targets for drug development of direct acting antivirals as anti-HCV therapeutics have now been identified including, but not limited to, the NS2-NS3 autoprotease, the N3 protease, the N3 helicase and the NS5B polymerase. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is absolutely essential for replication of the single-stranded, positive sense, RNA genome and this enzyme has elicited significant interest among medicinal chemists.

Inhibitors of HCV NS5B as potential therapies for HCV infection have been reviewed: Tan, S.-L., et al, Nature Rev. Drug Discov., 2002, 1, 867-881; Walker, M. P. et al., Exp. Opin. Investigational Drugs, 2003, 12, 1269-1280; Ni, Z-J., et al., Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development, 2004, 7, 446-459; Beaulieu, P. L., et al., Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 2004, 5, 838-850; Wu, J., et al., Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders, 2003, 3, 207-219; Griffith, R. C., et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 2004, 39, 223-237; Carrol, S., et al., Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets, 2006, 6, 17-29. The potential for the emergence of resistant HCV strains and the need to identify agents with broad genotype coverage supports the need for continuing efforts to identify novel and more effective nucleosides as HCV NS5B inhibitors.

Nucleoside inhibitors of NS5B polymerase can act either as a non-natural substrate that results in chain termination or as a competitive inhibitor which competes with nucleotide binding to the polymerase. To function as a chain terminator the nucleoside analog must be taken up by the cell and converted in vivo to a triphosphate to compete for the polymerase nucleotide binding site. This conversion to the triphosphate is commonly mediated by cellular kinases which imparts additional structural requirements on a potential nucleoside polymerase inhibitor. Unfortunately, this limits the direct evaluation of nucleosides as inhibitors of HCV replication to cell-based assays capable of in situ phosphorylation.

In some cases, the biological activity of a nucleoside is hampered by its poor substrate characteristics for one or more of the kinases needed to convert it to the active triphosphate form. Formation of the monophosphate by a nucleoside kinase is generally viewed as the rate limiting step of the three phosphorylation events. To circumvent the need for the initial phosphorylation step in the metabolism of a nucleoside to the active triphosphate analog, the preparation of stable phosphate prodrugs has been reported. Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs have been shown to be precursors of the active nucleoside triphosphate and to inhibit viral replication when administered to viral infected whole cells (McGuigan, C, et al, J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 1748-1753; Valette, G., et al, J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 1981-1990; Balzarini, J., et al, Proc. National Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93, 7295-7299; Siddiqui, A. Q., et al, J. Med. Chem., 1999, 42, 4122-4128; Eisenberg, E. J., et al., Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, 2001, 20, 1091-1098; Lee, W. A., et al, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2005, 49, 1898); US 2006/0241064; and WO 2007/095269.

Also limiting the utility of nucleosides as viable therapeutic agents is their sometimes poor physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. These poor properties can limit the intestinal absorption of an agent and limit uptake into the target tissue or cell. To improve on their properties prodrugs of nucleosides have been employed. Additional phosphate-containing prodrugs are also known: C. Schultz, Biorg. & Med. Chem. (2003) 11:885-898; C. McGuigan et al, Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett. (1994) 4(3): 427-430; C. Meier, Synlett (1998) 233-242; R. J. Jones et al, Antiviral Research (1995) 27:1-17; G. J. Friis et al, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. (1996) 4:49-59; C. Meier Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry (2002) 2(3): 219-234; C. Perigaud et al., Advances in Antiviral Drug Design; DeClerq E., Ed.; Vol. 2; JAI Press, London, 1996. However, there is no general agreement as to which phosphate-containing prodrug provides for the best activity.

In an effort to improve treatment of HCV or DENV, it remains of vital interest to identify compounds capable of inhibiting the action of NS5B polymerase of HCV or of inhibiting the action or function of a particular DENV protein.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein is a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I:

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   where         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl,             -   iv) alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) an acyl,         -   p) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   q) a —C(O)—O-alkyl;     -   2) R² is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) azido,         -   d) cyano,         -   e) a C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   f) a vinyl, and         -   g) an ethynyl;     -   3) R³ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) methyl, and         -   c) cyano,     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) —OH,         -   d) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   e) —O(acyl),         -   f) O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl),         -   g) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl,         -   h) —NH₂,         -   i) —NH(acyl),         -   j) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, and         -   k) azido;     -   5) X is selected from among         -   a) —O—,         -   b) —S—,         -   c) —NH—,         -   d) —CH₂,         -   e) >C═CH₂, and         -   f) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals         a-o represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,     -   b) D is selected from among         -   i) —O—         -   ii) —S— except for rings i and j,         -   iii) —S(O)— except for rings i and j,         -   iv) —S(O)₂— except for rings i and j, and         -   v) —NH— except for rings i and j,         -   vi) —N—,         -   vii) a methylene except for rings i and j,         -   viii) a methine, and         -   ix) a vinylidene except for rings i and j,     -   c) R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, and R^(9′)         are independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   iv) hydroxy,         -   v) alkoxy,         -   vi) cycloalkoxy,         -   vii) —O(acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl,         -   x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl),         -   xi) alkenyl,         -   xii) ethynyl,         -   xiii) —NH₂,         -   xiv) —NH(alkyl),         -   xv) —NH(cycloalkyl),         -   xvi) heterocyclyl,         -   xvii) aryl, and         -   xviii) heteroaryl; and     -   7) B is selected from among B1, B2, and B3 represented by the         following structures:

-   -   where for B1 n is 0 or 1,         -   a) when n is 0,             is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(acyl),             -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl,             -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,             -   vi) -heteroaryl,             -   vii) —O(alkyl),             -   viii) —O(acyl),             -   ix) —O(C₁₋₆alkylene-oxyacyl), and             -   x) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, or         -   b) when n is 1,             is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among             -   i) ═O,             -   ii) ═NH, and             -   iii) ═N(alkyl), and         -   c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are             independently selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) halo,             -   iii) cyano,             -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   v) C₂₋₅alkenyl, and             -   vi) C₂₋₅alkynyl,     -   where for B2,         -   a) R¹³ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) halo,             -   iii) cyano,             -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,             -   v) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   vi) vinyl, and             -   vii) ethynyl,     -   where for B3 m is 0 or 1, and         is a single or double bond         -   a) when m is 0,             is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected             from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂,             -   iii) —NH(alkyl),             -   iv) —NH(acyl),             -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl,             -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,             -   vi) —O(alkyl),             -   vii) —O(acyl),             -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and             -   ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl,             -   x) —S(alkyl), or         -   b) when m is 1,             is a single-bond         -    b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) ═O,             -   ii) ═NH, and             -   iii) ═N(alkyl), and         -    b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(acyl),             -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, and             -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,         -   c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹             W², W²             C, C             W⁴, W⁴             W³, and W³             W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single             or a double bond and             -   i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴,             -   ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵,             -   iii) W³ is C or N, and             -   iv) W⁴ is C or N         -   and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently             selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) halo,             -   iii) cyano,             -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,             -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   vii) vinyl, and             -   viii) ethynyl.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The phrase “a” or “an” entity as used herein refers to one or more of that entity; for example, a compound refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.

The terms “optional” or “optionally” as used herein means that a subsequently described event or circumstance may but need not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optional bond” means that the bond may or may not be present, and that the description includes single, double, or triple bonds.

The term “stereoisomer” has its plain and ordinary meaning.

The term “*” denotes the presence of a chiral center. Instances where “*” are not explicitly included in a radical does not necessarily mean that the radical does not contain a chiral center.

The term “P*” means that the phosphorus atom is chiral and that it has a corresponding Cahn-Ingold-Prelog designation of “R” or “S” which have their accepted plain meanings. In some instances, a phosphorus-containing radical does not expressly include an “*” next to the phosphorus atom, e.g., —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(alkyl))₂, —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl))₂, —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂. In these (and other) instances, it will be understood that chirality at phosphorus will be dictated by the substituent pattern. That is, when the substituents bound to phosphorus are the same, then achirality at phosphorus will exist, but when the substituents bound to the phosphorus are not the same, then chirality at phosphorus will exist.

The term “salts” or “salt thereof” as described herein, refers to a compound comprising a cation and an anion, which can prepared by any process known to one of ordinary skill, e.g., by the protonation of a proton-accepting moiety and/or deprotonation of a proton-donating moiety. Alternatively, the salt can be prepared by a cation/anion metathesis reaction. It should be noted that protonation of the proton-accepting moiety results in the formation of a cationic species in which the charge is balanced by the presence of a anion, whereas deprotonation of the proton-donating moiety results in the formation of an anionic species in which the charge is balanced by the presence of a cation. It is understood that salt formation can occur under synthetic conditions, such as formation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or under conditions formed in the body, in which case the corresponding cation or anion is one that is present in the body. Examples of common cations found in the body include, but are not limited to: H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, etc. Examples of common anions found in the body include, but are not limited to, Cl—, HCO₃ ⁻, CO₃ ²⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, etc.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable. It is understood that the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is encompassed by the expression “salt.” Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, salicylic acid, muconic acid, and the like. Additional examples of anionic radicals of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt include but are not limited to: acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate (camphorsulfonate), carbonate, chloride, citrate, edetate, edisylate (1,2-ethanedisulfonate), estolate (lauryl sulfate), esylate (ethanesulfonate), fumarate, gluceptate (glucoheptonate), gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate (p-glycollamidophenylarsonate), hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine (N,N′-di(dehydroabietyl)ethylenediamine), hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate (2-hydroxyethanesulfonate), lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, pamoate (embonate), pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, tannate, tartrate, and teoclate (8-chlorotheophyllinate). Basic addition salts formed with the conjugate bases of any of the inorganic acids listed above, wherein the conjugate bases comprise a cationic component selected from among Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, NH_(g)R′″_(4-g) ⁺, in which R′″ is a C₁₋₃ alkyl and g is a number selected from among 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. Additional examples of cationic radicals of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, include but are not limited to: penzathine, phloroprocaine, pholine, piethanolamine, pthylenediamine, meglumine, and procaine.

The term “metabolite,” as described herein, refers to a compound produced in vivo after administration of a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I to a subject in need thereof or as formed in vitro in an assay. Said metabolite may exist as a salt.

The term “deuteride,” as described herein, refers to a deuterated analog of the compound represented by formula I where a hydrogen atom is enriched with its 2H-isotope, i.e., deuterium (D). Deuterium substitution can be partial or complete. Partial deuterium substitution means that at least one hydrogen is substituted by at least one deuterium.

The term “halo” or “halogen” as used herein, includes chloro, bromo, iodo and fluoro.

The term “alkyl” refers to an unbranched or branched chain, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon residue containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms. The term “C_(1-M) alkyl” refers to an alkyl comprising 1 to M carbon atoms, where M is an integer having the following values: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30.

The term “C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to an alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁₋₆ alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, t-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, t-pentyl, and hexyl.

The term “C₁₋₆-alkylene” refers to an alkylene radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁₋₆-alkylene include, but are not limited to, a methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), methyl-ethylene (—CH(CH₃)CH₂—), propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), methyl-propylene (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— or —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—), etc. It is understood that a branched C₁₋₆-alkylene, such as methyl-ethylene or methyl-propylene, contains a chiral center, in which case the individual stereoisomers are contemplated. It is contemplated that a methylene may be substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyls.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted carbocycle, in which the carbocycle contains 3 to 10 carbon atoms; preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., a C₃₋₈-cycloalkyl); more preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., a C₃₋₆-cycloalkyl). In the instance of a substituted carbocycle containing 3 to 10, 3 to 8, or 3 to 6 carbon atoms, the substituents are not to be counted for the carbocycle carbon count. For instance, a cyclohexyl substituted with one or more C₁₋₆-alkyl is still, within the meaning contemplated herein, a C₃₋₆-cycloalkyl. Examples of a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, 2-methyl-cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, 2-methyl-cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 2-methyl-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2-methyl-cyclohexyl, etc.

The term “cycloalkylamino” refers to a unsubstituted or substituted carbocycle comprising an “amino” (—NH—) functional group. The carbocycle contains 3 to 10 carbon atoms; preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., a C₃₋₈-cycloalkyl); more preferably 3 to 6-carbon atoms (i.e., a C₃₋₆-cycloalkyl). In the instance of a substituted carbocycle containing 3 to 10, 3 to 8, or 3 to 6 carbon atoms, the substituents are not to be counted for the carbocycle carbon count. For instance, a cyclohexyl substituted with one or more C₁₋₆-alkyl is still, within the meaning contemplated herein, a C₃₋₆-cycloalkyl. Examples of a C₃₋₆cycloalkylamino (alternatively referred to as —NHC₃₋₆cycloalkyl) include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylamino, 2-methyl-cyclopropylamino, cyclobutylamino, 2-methyl-cyclobutylamino, cyclopentylamino, 2-methyl-cyclopentylamino, cyclohexylamino, 2-methyl-cyclohexylamino, etc. One of ordinary skill will know that said cycloalkylaminos are derived from cycloalkylamines, i.e., cycloalkyls substituted by an amine (—NH₂) functional group.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group or an —O-cycloalkyl group, wherein alkyl and cycloalkyl are as defined above. Examples of —O-alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, i-propyloxy, n-butyloxy, i-butyloxy, t-butyloxy, etc. Examples of —O-cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —O-c-propyl, —O-c-butyl, —O-c-pentyl, —O-c-hexyl, etc.

The term “C₁₋₆-alkoxy” refers to an —O—C₁₋₆-alkyl group, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl is defined herein.

The term “C₃₋₆-cycloalkoxy” refers to an —O—C₃₋₆-cycloalkyl group

The term “C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy” refers to an —O—C₁₋₆-alkylene group, wherein C₁₋₆-alkylene is defined as above. Examples of a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy include, but are not limited to, methylene-oxy (—CH₂O—), ethylene-oxy (—CH₂CH₂O—), methyl-ethylene-oxy (—CH(CH₃)CH₂O—), propylene-oxy (—CH₂CH₂CH₂O—), methyl-propylene-oxy (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂O— or —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂O—), etc.

The terms “alkaryl” or “alkylaryl” refer to an alkylene group having 1 to 10-carbon atoms with an aryl substituent, such as benzyl. The term “C₁₋₃alkaryl” refers to a C₁₋₃alkylene group with an aryl substituent. Benzyl is embraced by the term C₁₋₃alkaryl.

The term “—OC₁₋₃alkaryl” refers a oxygen (—O˜) bound to a C₁₋₃alkaryl group. Benzyloxy (—OCH₂Ph) is embraced by the term —OC₁₋₃alkaryl.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to substituted or unsubstituted phenyl (Ph), biphenyl, or naphthyl. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more moieties selected from among alkyl, hydroxyl, F, Cl, Br, I, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, and phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic heterocycle containing carbon, hydrogen, and at least one of N, O, and S. Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, a pyrrole, an imidazole, a diazole, a triazole, a tetrazole, a furan, an oxazole, an indole, a thiazole, etc. Additional examples of heteroaryls can be found in T. L. Gilchrist, in “Heterocyclic Chemistry,” John Wiley & Sons, 1985. The heteroaryl group can be substituted with one or more moieties selected from among alkyl, hydroxyl, F, Cl, Br, I, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, and phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted radical containing carbon, hydrogen and at least one of N, O, and S. Examples of heterocycles, include, but are not limited to, an aziridine, an azetidine, a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a piperazine, etc. Additional examples of heterocycles can be found in T. L. Gilchrist, in “Heterocyclic Chemistry,” John Wiley & Sons, 1985. The heterocycle can be substituted with one or more moieties selected from among alkyl, hydroxyl, F, Cl, Br, I, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, and phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

The terms “alk(heteroaryl)” and “alk(heterocyclyl)” refers to a C₁₋₆-alkylene group with a heteroaryl and heterocyclyl substituent, respectively.

The term “cycloheteroalkyl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, in which the heterocycle contains 2 to 9 carbon atoms; preferably 2 to 7 carbon atoms; more preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloheteroalkyls include, but are not limited to, aziridin-1-yl, aziridin-2-yl, N—C₁₋₃-alkyl-aziridin-2-yl, azetidinyl, azetidin-1-yl, N—C₁₋₃-alkyl-azetidin-m′-yl, pyrrolidin-m′-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, N—C₁₋₃-alkyl-pyrrolidin-m′-yl, piperidin-m′-yl, piperidin-1-yl, and N—C₁₋₃-alkyl-piperidin-m′-yl, where m′ is 2, 3, or 4 depending on the cycloheteroalkyl. Specific examples of N—C₁₋₃-alkyl-cycloheteroalkyls include, but are not limited to, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N-methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N-methyl-piperidin-2-yl, N-methyl-piperidin-3-yl, and N-methyl-piperidin-4-yl. In the instance of R¹⁰, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷, the point of attachment between the cycloheteroalkyl ring carbon and the ring occurs at any one of m′.

The term “acyl” refers to a substituent containing a carbonyl moiety and a non-carbonyl moiety and is meant to include an amino-acyl. The carbonyl moiety contains a double-bond between the carbonyl carbon and a heteroatom, where the heteroatom is selected from among O, N and S. When the heteroatom is N, the N is substituted by a C₁₋₆. The non-carbonyl moiety is selected from straight, branched, and cyclic alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, a straight, branched, or cyclic C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or a C₁₋₆-alkyl; alkoxyalkyl, including methoxymethyl; aralkyl, including benzyl; aryloxyalkyl, such as phenoxymethyl; or aryl, including phenyl optionally substituted with halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxyl, C₁ to C₄ alkyl, or C₁ to C₄ alkoxy, sulfonate esters, such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl, including methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxytrityl, substituted benzyl, trialkylsilyl (e.g. dimethyl-t-butylsilyl) or diphenylmethylsilyl. When at least one aryl group is present in the non-carbonyl moiety, it is preferred that the aryl group comprises a phenyl group.

The term “C₂₋₇acyl” refers to an acyl group in which the non-carbonyl moiety comprises a C₁₋₆alkyl. Examples of a C₂₋₇-acyl, include, but are not limited to: —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃, —C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, —C(O)C(CH₃)₃, etc.

The term “aminoacyl” includes N,N-unsubstituted, N,N-monosubstituted, and N,N-disubstituted derivatives of naturally occurring and synthetic α, β γ or δ amino acyls, where the amino acyls are derived from amino acids. The amino-nitrogen can be substituted or unsubstituted or exist as a salt thereof. When the amino-nitrogen is substituted, the nitrogen is either mono- or di-substituted, where the substituent bound to the amino-nitrogen is a C₁₋₆alkyl or an alkaryl. In the instance of its use for the compound of formula I, it is understood that an appropriate atom (O or N) is bound to the carbonyl carbon of the aminoacyl.

The term “amino acid” includes naturally occurring and synthetic α, β γ or δ-amino acids, and includes but is not limited to, amino acids found in proteins, i.e. glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine and histidine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid is in the L-configuration. Alternatively, the amino acid can be a derivative of alanyl, valinyl, leucinyl, isoleucinyl, prolinyl, phenylalaninyl, tryptophanyl, methioninyl, glycinyl, serinyl, threoninyl, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, aspartoyl, glutamyl, lysinyl, argininyl, histidinyl, β-alanyl, β-valinyl, β-leucinyl, β-isoleucinyl, β-prolinyl, β-phenylalaninyl, β-tryptophanyl, β-methioninyl, β-glycinyl, β-serinyl, β-threoninyl, β-cysteinyl, β-tyrosinyl, β-asparaginyl, β-glutaminyl, β-aspartoyl, β-glutaroyl, β-lysinyl, β-argininyl or β-histidinyl. When the term amino acid is used, it is considered to be a specific and independent disclosure of each of the esters of α, β γ or δ glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine and histidine in the D and L-configurations.

The term “C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl” refers to an —O—C₁₋₆-alkylene-acyl group, wherein C₁₋₆-alkylene and acyl are defined as above. Examples of a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl include, but are not limited to, methylene-oxy-acyl (—CH₂O—C(O)alkyl), ethylene-oxy-acyl (—CH₂CH₂O—C(O)alkyl), methyl-ethylene-oxy-acyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂O—C(O)alkyl), propylene-oxy-acyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂O—C(O)alkyl), methyl-propylene-oxy-acyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂O—C(O)alkyl or —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂O—C(O)alkyl), etc. As the expression “acyl” encompasses “aminoacyl,” further contemplated radicals include but are not limited to C₁₋₆-alkyl-oxy-aminoacyl, where aminoacyl is defined above.

The term “alkenyl” refers to an unsubstituted or a substituted hydrocarbon chain radical having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms having one or more olefinic double bonds. The term “C_(2-N) alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl comprising 2 to N carbon atoms, where N is an integer having the following values: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. For example, the term “C₂₋₁₀alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl comprising 2 to 10 carbon atoms. The term “C₂₋₄alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl) or 2-butenyl (crotyl). It is understood that the alkenyl or C_(2-N)-alkenyl can be substituted with one or more radicals selected from among alkyl, halo, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, and cyano.

The term “vinyl,” which is embraced by the term “C₂₋₄alkenyl,” refers to —CR′═CR″R′″, where R′, R″, and R′″ are independently selected from among hydrogen, C₁₋₆-alkyl, halo, and C₁₋₆-alkoxy. Examples of a vinyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (—CH═CH₂), 2-bromo-ethenyl (—CH═CHBr), etc.

The term “ethynyl,” as used herein, refers to —C≡CR′, where R′ is selected from among hydrogen, C₁₋₆-alkyl, halo, and C₁₋₆-alkoxide.

The term “methine,” as used herein, refers to the radical —CR′═, where R′ is selected from among hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, and C₁₋₆-alkoxide.

The term “vinylidene,” as used herein, refers to >C═CRR′, where R and R′ are independently selected from among hydrogen, C₁₋₆-alkyl, halo, and C₁₋₆-alkoxide.

The expressions —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)—OP(O)(OH)₂, and —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, refer to mono-(P₁), di-(P₂), and tri-(P₃) phosphate radicals, respectively.

The P₁, P₂, and P₃ phosphate radicals may be introduced at the 5′-OH of a nucleoside compound either by synthetic means in the lab or by enzymatic (or metabolic) means in a cell or biological fluid (either in vivo or in vitro). It is understood that the acidities of the hydroxyl (—OH) substituents vary and that salts of the phosphate radicals are possible.

The term “—P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c))” or “phosphoramidate” as used herein is represented by the following structure:

where R^(1a), R^(1b), and R^(1c) are as defined above. Examples of phosphoramidate moieties are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,580. It will be understood that the ˜NHCH*(R^(1b))C(O)OR^(1c) fragment can be derived from an amino acid, which is defined above.

Under the Summary, certain definitions related to R¹, 1)1), and Y, 4)d), include the expressions “—P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜” (see R¹, 1)1)) and “—O˜” (see Y, 4)d)). It is understood that when R¹ is “—P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜” and Y is “—O˜” or when Y is “—O˜” and R¹ is “—P(O)(OR^(1c))˜”, then compound I has the structure shown on the left, where the R¹ and Y substituents are identified on the right:

It is understood that use of the expression “cyclophosphate” or “cyclic-phosphate” is meant to embrace the left-hand structure. These expressions likewise have the same meanings when recited as definitions for certain embodiments and aspects of those embodiments.

The term “a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,” as used herein is represented by an unsubstituted form (j1) or a substituted form (j2), as represented by the following structures:

where R_(n) is selected from among hydroxy, an alkyl, a hydroxyalkyl, an aryloxide, an aryl, such as phenyl, a heteroaryl, such as pyridinyl, where the aryl and the heteroaryl can be substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from among an alkyl, an alkoxy, and a halo. A preferred R_(n) is pyridinyl which can be substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from among a C₁₋₆alkyl, a C₁₋₆-alkoxy, and a halo.

The term “aryloxide,” or “aryloxy” as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to substituted or unsubstituted phenoxide (PhO—), p-phenyl-phenoxide (p-Ph-PhO—), or naphthoxide, preferably the term aryloxide refers to substituted or unsubstituted phenoxide. The aryloxide group can be substituted with one or more moieties selected from among hydroxyl, F, Cl, Br, I, —C(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl), amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, and phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

The term “4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphine-2-oxide,” as used herein is represented by an unsubstituted form (k1) or a substituted form (k2), as represented by the following structures:

where R_(n) and R′_(n), where R_(n) is hydrogen and one alkyl radical, or two alkyl radicals independent of one another, and R′_(n) is one, two, or three radicals selected from among alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, and halo. Preferably, R′_(n) is one, two, or three radicals selected from among a C₁₋₆alkyl, a C₁₋₆, alkoxy, and a halo. More preferably, R′_(n) is one radical selected from among a C₁₋₆-alkyl, a C₁₋₆-alkoxy, and a halo.

In the structure B3, as a possible radical for B, the language “each bonding pair, W¹

W², W²

C, C

W⁴, W⁴

W³, and W³

W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a double bond” is presented above.

In the event that resolution problems or printing errors might obscure the pictoral representation of B3, it is contemplated that there exists a bonding configuration represented by “

” between each one of W¹

W², W²

C, C

W⁴, W

W³, and W³

W¹, within the five-membered ring framework, where “

” is understood to be a single- or double-bond. It is not contemplated that all bonding pairs contained in the five-membered ring therein are all double bonds or all single bonds. Rather, it is contemplated that when a certain definitional requirement is selected, then the bonding arrangement of the five-membered ring satisfies Hückel's rule, i.e., the total number of pi-bond and lone-pair electrons for the selected radicals is 6. For example, when W¹ is O or S, W² is CR¹⁵, W³ is C, and W⁴ is C (see I-3-12 or I-3-13), then the contemplated structure is:

Formula I is recited above. Implicit to formula I is the exclusion of compounds disclosed in B. R. Babu et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. (2003) 1:3514-3526, whether said compounds are explicitly or implicitly disclosed therein. For instance, the compounds identified there as 9b, 14b, 21, and 27, are not contemplated to be within the scope of formula I (as well as formula I-1 presented below)

However, these compounds, as well as derivatives embraced by formula I, are contemplated for treating a subject infected by HCV or DENV and are contemplated for compositions useful for treating a subject infected by HCV or DENV, as explained in further detail below. The compound numbering for compounds 9b, 14b, 21, and 27 is as found in Babu et al. It should be noted that compounds 21 and 27 are exemplified herein with the numbering here of 36 and 32, respectively.

The term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount required to reduce symptoms of the disease in a subject.

The term “subject,” as used herein means a mammal.

The term “medicament,” as used herein means a substance used in a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of a subject in need thereof.

The term “preparation” or “dosage form” is intended to include both solid and liquid formulations of the active compound and one skilled in the art will appreciate that an active ingredient can exist in different preparations depending on the desired dose and pharmacokinetic parameters.

The term “excipient” as used herein refers to a compound that is used to prepare a pharmaceutical composition, and is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.

As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. “Treatment” is an intervention performed with the intention of preventing the development or altering the pathology of a disorder. The term “treatment” of an HCV infection, as used herein, also includes treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or a condition associated with or mediated by HCV infection, or the clinical symptoms thereof.

The term “protecting group” which is derived from a “protecting compound,” has its plain and ordinary meaning, i.e., at least one protecting or blocking group is bound to at least one functional group (e.g., —OH, —NH₂, etc.) that allows chemical modification of at least one other functional group. Examples of protecting groups, include, but are not limited to, benzoyl, acetyl, phenyl-substituted benzoyl, tetrahydropyranyl, trityl, DMT (4,4′-dimethoxytrityl), MMT (4-monomethoxytrityl), trimethoxytrityl, pixyl (9-phenylxanthen-9-yl) group, thiopixyl (9-phenylthioxanthen-9-yl) or 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthine-9-yl (MOX), etc.; C(O)-alkyl, C(O)Ph, C(O)aryl, C(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl), C(O)O(C₁₋₆alkylene)aryl (e.g., —C(O)OCH₂Ph), C(O)Oaryl, CH₂O—-alkyl, CH₂O-aryl, SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl, a protecting group comprising at least one silicon atom, such as, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, Si(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OSi(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OH, such as, —Si(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂OH or ˜OSi(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂O˜. Additional examples are disclosed in e.g., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(nd) ed. T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999).

The term “leaving group” (“LG”) as used herein, has its plain and ordinary meaning for one of ordinary skill in this art. Examples of leaving groups include, but are not limited to: halogen (Cl, Br, or I); tosylate, mesylate, triflate, acetate, etc.

Embodiments

A first embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-1

wherein R¹, R², Y, R³,

, X, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², n, and

have the meanings described above.

A first aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆-alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   vi) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) azido, and         -   d) cyano;     -   3) R³ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) methyl, and         -   c) cyano,     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) —OH,         -   d) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   e) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   f) —O(aminoacyl),         -   g) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl),         -   h) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   i) —NH₂,         -   j) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   k) —NH(aminoacyl),         -   l) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl and         -   m) azido;     -   5) X is selected from among         -   a) —O— and         -   b) —S—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,     -   b) D is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,         -   vi) a methylene, and         -   vii) a vinylidene,     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) C₁₋₆alkyl         -   iv) hydroxy,         -   v) alkoxy,         -   vi) cycloalkoxy,         -   vii) —O(acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl,         -   x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl),         -   xi) alkenyl,         -   xii) ethynyl,         -   xiii) —NH₂,         -   xiv) —NH(alkyl),         -   xv) —NH(cycloalkyl),         -   xvi) heterocyclyl,         -   xvii) aryl, and         -   xviii) heteroaryl; and     -   7a) n is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl,         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,         -   vi) -heteroaryl,         -   vii) —O(alkyl),         -   viii) —O(acyl),         -   ix) —O(C₁₋₆alkylene-oxyacyl), and         -   x) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, or     -   7b) n is 1,         is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) ═O,         -   ii) ═NH, and         -   iii) ═N(alkyl); and     -   7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently         selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   v) C₂₋₅alkenyl, and         -   vi) C₂₋₅alkynyl.

A second aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl),         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and         -   f) —-O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,     -   b) D is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂,         -   v) —NH—,         -   vi) a methylene, and         -   vii) a vinylidene,     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo, and         -   iii) C₁₋₆alkyl; and     -   7a) n is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or     -   7b) n is 1,         is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) ═O and         -   ii) ═N(alkyl), and     -   7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently         selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   v) C₂₋₄alkenyl.

A third aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   vi) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl),         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and         -   f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -    a) A is —O—,     -    b) D is —O— or —CH₂—,     -    c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and     -   7a) n is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or     -   7b) n is 1,         is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) ═O and         -   ii) ═N(alkyl), and     -   7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently         selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   v) C₂₋₄alkenyl.

A fourth aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   d) —O(aminoacyl);     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, and f represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -    a) A is —O—,     -    b) D is —O— or —CH₂     -    c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and     -   7a) n is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or     -   7b) n is 1,         is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among         -   i) ═O and         -   ii) ═N(alkyl), and     -   7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently         selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   v) C₂₋₄alkenyl.

A second embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-21

wherein

wherein R¹, R², Y, R³,

, and R¹³ have the meanings described above.

A first aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-2 wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) azido, and         -   d) cyano;     -   3) R³ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) methyl, and         -   c) cyano,     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) —OH,         -   d) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   e) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   f) —O(aminoacyl),         -   g) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl),         -   h) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   i) —NH₂,         -   j) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   k) —NH(aminoacyl),         -   l) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   m) azido;     -   5) X is selected from among         -   a) —O— and         -   b) —S—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,     -   b) D is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,         -   vi) a methylene, and         -   vii) a vinylidene,     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) C₁₋₆alkyl         -   iv) hydroxy,         -   v) alkoxy,         -   vi) cycloalkoxy,         -   vii) —O(acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl,         -   x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl),         -   xi) alkenyl,         -   xii) ethynyl,         -   xiii) —NH₂,         -   xiv) —NH(alkyl),         -   xv) —NH(cycloalkyl),         -   xvi) heterocyclyl,         -   xvii) aryl, and         -   xviii) heteroaryl; and     -   7) R¹³ is hydrogen.

A second aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-2

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl),         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and         -   f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,     -   b) D is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,         -   vi) a methylene, and         -   vii) a vinylidene,     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) C₁₋₆alkyl; and     -   7) R¹³ is hydrogen.

A third aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-2

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl),         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and         -   f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is —O—,     -   b) D is —O— or —CH₂—, and     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and

7) R¹³ is hydrogen.

A fourth aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-2

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) an C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   d) —O(aminoacyl);     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, and f represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -    a) A is —O—,     -    b) D is —O— or —CH₂—, and     -    c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and     -   7) R¹³ is hydrogen.

A third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3

wherein R¹, R², Y, R³,

, X, W¹, W², W³, W⁴, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, m, and

have the meanings described above.

A first aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜ where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) azido, and         -   d) cyano;     -   3) R³ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) methyl, and         -   c) cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) fluoro,         -   c) —OH,         -   d) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   e) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   f) —O(aminoacyl),         -   g) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl),         -   h) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   l) —NH₂,         -   j) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   k) —NH(aminoacyl),         -   l) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   m) azido;     -   5) X is selected from among         -   a) —O— and         -   b) —S—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,     -   b) D is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,         -   vi) a methylene, and         -   vii) a vinylidene, and     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) C₁₋₆alkyl         -   iv) hydroxy,         -   v) alkoxy,         -   vi) cycloalkoxy,         -   vii) —O(acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl,         -   x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl),         -   xi) alkenyl,         -   xii) ethynyl,         -   xiii) —NH₂,         -   xiv) —NH(alkyl),         -   xv) —NH(cycloalkyl),         -   xvi) heterocyclyl,         -   xvii) aryl, and         -   xviii) heteroaryl; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) —NH₂,         -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,         -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and         -   xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond and     -    b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among         -   i) ═O,         -   ii) ═NH, and         -   iii) ═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and     -    b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl, and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹         W², W²         C, C         W⁴, W⁴         W³, and W³         W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a         double bond and         -   i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴,         -   ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵,         -   iii) W³ is C or N, and         -   iv) W⁴ is C or N, and     -   where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A second aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl),         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and         -   f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,     -   b) D is selected from among         -   i) —O—,         -   ii) —S—,         -   iii) —S(O)—,         -   iv) —S(O)₂—, and         -   v) —NH—,         -   vi) a methylene, and         -   vii) a vinylidene, and     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) C₁₋₆alkyl; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) —NH₂,         -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,         -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and         -   xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond and     -    b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among         -   i) ═O,         -   ii) ═NH, and         -   iii) ═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and     -    b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl, and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹         W², W²         C, C         W⁴, W⁴         W³, and W³         W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a         double bond and         -   i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴,         -   ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵,         -   iii) W³ is C or N, and         -   iv) W⁴ is C or N, and     -   where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A third aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or             -   v) alk(heteroaryl), and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜ where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   p) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   q) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl),         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and         -   f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is —O—,     -   b) D is —O— or —CH₁—,     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) —NH₂,         -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,         -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and         -   xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond and     -    b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among         -   i) ═O,         -   ii) ═NH, and         -   iii) ═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and     -    b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl, and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹         W², W²         C, C         W⁴, W⁴         W³, and W³         W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a         double bond and         -   i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴,         -   ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵,         -   iii) W³ is C or N, and         -   iv) W⁴ is C or N, and     -   where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A fourth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   iv) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   d) —O(aminoacyl),     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c,         d, e, and f, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where

-   -   a) A is —O—,     -   b) D is —O— or —CH₂—,     -   c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) —NH₂,         -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,         -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),         -   ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and         -   xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond and     -    b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among         -   i) ═O,         -   ii) ═NH, and         -   iii) ═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and     -    b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among         -   i) —NH₂,         -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),         -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,     -   7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹         W², W²         C, C         W⁴, W⁴         W³, and W³         W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a         double bond and         -   i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴,         -   ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵,         -   iii) W³ is C or N, and         -   iv) W⁴ is C or N, and     -   where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from         among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A fifth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   i) a C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   j) an aminoacyl; and     -   2) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   d) —O(aminoacyl); and     -   3)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   4a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   4a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) -cycloalkylamino,             -   v) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   vi) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and             -   viii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   ix) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   x) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and         -   4a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂, and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   4b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O; and         -   4b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A sixth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) phenyl,             -   iii) p-fluorophenyl,             -   iv) p-chlorophenyl,             -   v) p-bromophenyl, or             -   vi) naphthyl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   f) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   g) a C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   h) an aminoacyl; and     -   2) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   d) —O(aminoacyl); and     -   3)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   4a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   4a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) -cycloalkylamino,             -   v) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   vi) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and             -   viii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   ix) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   x) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and         -   4a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂ and             -   iiii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   4b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   4b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A seventh aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) phenyl,             -   iii) p-fluorophenyl,             -   iv) p-chlorophenyl,             -   v) p-bromophenyl, or             -   vi) naphthyl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   f) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   g) a C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   h) an aminoacyl; and     -   2) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   d) —O(aminoacyl); and     -   3)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   4a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   4a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) -cycloalkylamino,             -   v) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   vi) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   viii) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and         -   4a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂, and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   4b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   4b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

An eighth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-1

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) phenyl,             -   iii) p-fluorophenyl,             -   iv) p-chlorophenyl,             -   v) p-bromophenyl, or             -   vi) naphtyl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   vi) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   f) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   g) a C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   h) an aminoacyl; and     -   2) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and         -   d) —O(aminoacyl); and     -   3)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   4a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   4a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   4a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or         -   4a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,             —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   4a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   4b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   4b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A ninth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-2

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) phenyl,             -   iii) p-fluorophenyl,             -   iv) p-chlorophenyl,             -   v) p-bromophenyl, or             -   vi) naphthyl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   f) a C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   g) an aminoacyl; and     -   2)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   3a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and         -   3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or         -   3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,             —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and         -   3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   3b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂.

A tenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-3

wherein

-   -   1) R^(1a) is         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) phenyl,         -   c) p-fluorophenyl,         -   d) p-chlorophenyl,         -   e) p-bromophenyl, or         -   f) naphthyl, and     -   2) R^(1c) is         -   a) hydrogen         -   b) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or         -   d) C₁₋₃alkaryl;     -   3)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   4a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   4a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   4a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or         -   4a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,             —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   4a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   4b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   4b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

An eleventh aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-4

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) phenyl,             -   iii) p-fluorophenyl,             -   iv) p-chlorophenyl,             -   v) p-bromophenyl, or             -   vi) naphthyl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   f) a C₂₋₇acyl, and         -   g) an aminoacyl; and     -   2a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or         -   3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,             —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and         -   3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   2b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A twelfth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-5

wherein

-   -   1) R^(1a) is         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) phenyl, or         -   c) naphthyl, and     -   2) R^(1c) is         -   a) hydrogen         -   b) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or         -   d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; and     -   3a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or         -   3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,             —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   3b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A thirteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-5

wherein

-   -   1) R^(1a) is         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) phenyl, or         -   c) naphthyl, and     -   2) R^(1c) is         -   a) hydrogen         -   b) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or         -   d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; and     -   3a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂, or         -   3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   3b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂.

A fourteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-5

wherein

-   -   1) R^(1a) is         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) phenyl, or         -   c) naphthyl, and     -   2) R^(1c) is         -   a) hydrogen         -   b) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or         -   d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; and     -   3a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl) or —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and         -   3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂, or         -   3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, and         -   3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   3b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂.

A fifteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its salt thereof represented by formula I-3-6

wherein

1) R¹ is hydrogen, —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, or —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂.

A sixteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-7

1) R^(1c) is

-   -   a) hydrogen     -   b) C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or     -   d) C₁₋₃alkaryl;

2)

is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   3a) m is 0,         is a double-bond         -   3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and         -   3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂, or         -   3b1) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,             —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and         -   3b2) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or     -   3b) m is 1,         is a single-bond         -   3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and         -   3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A seventeenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-8

wherein B′ is selected from among B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, and BIO represented by the following structures

and R¹, R², Y, R³,

, X, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, m, and

have the meanings described above.

An eighteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-8,

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   vi) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) an C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(acyl), and         -   d) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;

6)

is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and         -   7a) m is 0,             is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected             from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂,             -   iii) —NH(alkyl),             -   iv) —NH(acyl),             -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl,             -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,             -   vi) —O(alkyl),             -   vii) —O(acyl),             -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),             -   ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl,             -   x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), or             -   xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   7b) m is 1,             is a single-bond and         -    b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) ═O,             -   ii) ═NH,             -   iii) ═N(alkyl), and         -    b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(acyl),             -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, and             -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,         -    7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present,             are independently selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) halo,             -   iii) cyano,             -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,             -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   vii) vinyl, and             -   viii) ethynyl.

A nineteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-8 wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   vi) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) an C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(acyl), and         -   d) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;

6)

is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   v) -cycloheteroalkyl,             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),             -   ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂,             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and             -   v) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are         independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A twentieth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-8 wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂,         -   f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂,         -   h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   vi)-C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl)),         -   j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   o) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   p) an aminoacyl,         -   q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl), and         -   d)—O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;

6)

is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and             -   vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂,             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and             -   v) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are         independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A twenty-first aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-8 wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   i) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   j) an aminoacyl,         -   k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl), and         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;

6)

is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and             -   vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂ and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are         independently selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A twenty-second aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-9

wherein

-   -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   i) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   j) an aminoacyl,         -   k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   l) a C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl), and         -   d) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and             -   vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂ and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O; and         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently         selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A twenty-third aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-10

-   -   wherein     -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   i) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   j) an aminoacyl,         -   k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl), and         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and             -   vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂ and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and         -   7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ is selected from             among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) halo,             -   iii) cyano,             -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,             -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   vii) vinyl, and             -   viii) ethynyl.

A twenty-fourth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-11

-   -   wherein     -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   i) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   j) an aminoacyl,         -   k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl), and         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;

6)

is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),             -   vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂ and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A twenty-fifth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-12

-   -   wherein     -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   i) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   j) an aminoacyl,         -   k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl), and         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),             -   vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂ and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁵ is selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

A twenty-sixth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I-3-13

-   -   wherein     -   1) R¹ is selected from among:         -   a) hydrogen,         -   b) —P(O)(OH)₂,         -   c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)),         -   wherein         -   R^(1a) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) aryl,         -   R^(1b) is             -   i) hydrogen or             -   ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and         -   R^(1c) is             -   i) hydrogen             -   ii) alkyl,             -   iii) cycloalkyl, or             -   iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide,         -   e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide,         -   f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂,         -   i) a C₂₋₇acyl,         -   j) an aminoacyl,         -   k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and         -   l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   2) R² is hydrogen;     -   3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano;     -   4) Y is selected from among         -   a) —OH,         -   b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined             above,         -   c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),         -   d) —O(aminoacyl), and         -   e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl);     -   5) X is —O—;     -   6)         is selected from among

-   -   where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and     -   7a) m is 0,         is a double-bond,         -   7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂,             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl),             -   v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl),             -   vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl),             -   vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl,             -   viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and             -   ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl,         -   7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) hydrogen,             -   ii) —NH₂ and             -   iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or     -   7b) m is 1,         is a single-bond,         -   7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;         -   7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among             -   i) —NH₂ and             -   ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and     -   7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁵ is selected from among         -   i) hydrogen,         -   ii) halo,         -   iii) cyano,         -   iv) —C(O)NH₂,         -   iv) C₁₋₆alkyl,         -   vii) vinyl, and         -   viii) ethynyl.

Dosage, Administration, and Use

In the embodiments of this section, the expression “Compound I” is meant to encompass a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I notwithstanding the excluded subject matter found in the Definitions.

A fourth embodiment is directed to a composition comprising compound I.

A first aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a composition for treating a subject infected with any one of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis A virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, rhinovirus, polio virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, or those viruses belonging to the groups of Pestiviruses, hepaciviruses, or flavaviruses, said composition comprising an effective amount of compound I.

A second aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a composition for treating a subject infected with a hepatitis C virus, which comprises an effective amount of compound I and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable medium.

A third aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a composition for treating a subject infected with a dengue virus, which comprises an effective amount of compound I and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable medium.

A fourth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a composition for treating a subject infected with any one of a hepatitis B virus, a Hepatitis A virus, a West Nile virus, a yellow fever virus, a rhinovirus, polio virus, a bovine viral diarrhea virus, and a Japanese encephalitis virus, which comprises an effective amount of compound I and a pharmaceutically acceptable medium.

A fifth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a composition for treating a subject infected with a hepatitis C virus, which comprises an effective amount of compound I and a pharmaceutically acceptable medium.

A sixth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a composition for treating a subject infected with a dengue virus, which comprises an effective amount of compound I and a pharmaceutically acceptable medium.

A seventh aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a composition for treating a subject infected with a virus from any one of viruses belonging to the groups of Pestiviruses, hepaciviruses, or flavaviruses, which comprises an effective amount of compound I and a pharmaceutically acceptable medium.

Compound I may be independently formulated in a wide variety of oral administration dosage forms and carriers. Oral administration can be in the form of tablets, coated tablets, hard and soft gelatin capsules, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or suspensions. Compound I is efficacious when administered by suppository administration, among other routes of administration. The most convenient manner of administration is generally oral using a convenient daily dosing regimen which can be adjusted according to the severity of the disease and the patient's response to the antiviral medication.

Compound I together with one or more conventional excipients, carriers, or diluents, may be placed into the form of pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosages. The pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms may be comprised of conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds and the unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed. The pharmaceutical compositions may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, or liquids such as suspensions, emulsions, or filled capsules for oral use; or in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound or compounds (w/w).

As noted above, the term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount required to reduce symptoms of the disease in a subject. The dose will be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case. That dosage can vary within wide limits depending upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and general health condition of the patient, other medicaments with which the patient is being treated, the route and form of administration and the preferences and experience of the medical practitioner involved. For oral administration, a daily dosage of between about 0.001 and about 10 g, including all values in between, such as 0.001, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125, 0.150, 0.175, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 0.75, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, and 9.5, per day should be appropriate in monotherapy and/or in combination therapy. A particular daily dosage is between about 0.01 and about 1 g per day, including all incremental values of 0.01 g (i.e., 10 mg) in between, a preferred daily dosage about 0.01 and about 0.8 g per day, more preferably about 0.01 and about 0.6 g per day, and most preferably about 0.01 and about 0.25 g per day, each of which including all incremental values of 0.01 g in between. Generally, treatment is initiated with a large initial “loading dose” to rapidly reduce or eliminate the virus following by a decreasing the dose to a level sufficient to prevent resurgence of the infection. One of ordinary skill in treating diseases described herein will be able, without undue experimentation and in reliance on knowledge, experience and the disclosures of this application, to ascertain a effective amount of the compound disclosed herein for a given disease and patient.

Compound I can be administered alone but will generally be administered in admixture with one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients, diluents or carriers selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.

Solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, pills, capsules, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier may be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. In powders, the carrier generally is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component generally is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. Suitable carriers include but are not limited to magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. Solid form preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like. Examples of solid formulations are exemplified in EP 0524579; US 2002/0142050; US 2004/0224917; US 2005/0048116; US 2005/0058710; US 2006/0034937; US 2006/0057196; US 2006/0188570; US 2007/0026073; US 2007/0059360; US 2007/0077295; US 2007/0099902; US 2008/0014228; U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,985; U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,192; U.S. Pat. No. 6,383,471; U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,300; U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,463; U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,278; U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,528; U.S. Pat. No. 6,923,988; U.S. Pat. No. 6,932,983; U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,294; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,608.

Liquid formulations also are suitable for oral administration include liquid formulation including emulsions, syrups, elixirs and aqueous suspensions. These include solid form preparations which are intended to be converted to liquid form preparations shortly before use. Examples of liquid formulation are exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,994,974; 5,695,784; and 6,977,257. Emulsions may be prepared in solutions, for example, in aqueous propylene glycol solutions or may contain emulsifying agents such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.

Compound I may be independently formulated for administration as suppositories. A low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify.

Compound I may be independently formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate. Certain of these formulations may also be used in conjunction with a condom with or without a spermicidal agent.

Suitable formulations along with pharmaceutical carriers, diluents and excipients are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 1995, edited by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Company, 19th edition, Easton, Pa. A skilled formulation scientist may modify the formulations within the teachings of the specification to provide numerous formulations for a particular route of administration without rendering compositions containing the compounds contemplated herein unstable or compromising their therapeutic activity.

Additionally, compound I may be independently formulated in conjunction with liposomes, micelles, or complexed to or entrapped in a protein matrix, such as albumin. As to liposomes, it is contemplated that the compound I can be formulated in a manner as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,797,285; 5,013,556; 5,077,056; 5,077,057; 5,154,930; 5,192,549; 5,213,804; 5,225,212; 5,277,914; 5,316,771; 5,376,380; 5,549,910; 5,567,434; 5,736,155; 5,827,533; 5,882,679; 5,891,468; 6,060,080; 6,132,763; 6,143,321; 6,180,134; 6,200,598; 6,214,375; 6,224,903; 6,296,870; 6,653,455; 6,680,068; 6,726,925; 7,060,689; and 7,070,801. As to micelles, it is contemplated that compound I can be formulated in a manner as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,145,684 and 5,091,188. As to a protein matrix, it is contemplated that compound I can be complexed to or entrapped in a protein matrix as disclosed in any one of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,439,686; 5,498,421; 6,096,331; 6,506,405; 6,537,579; 6,749,868; 6,753,006; and 7,820,788.

A fifth embodiment is directed to a use of compound I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any condition the result of an infection by any one of the following viral agents: hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, rhinovirus, polio virus, hepatitis A virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and Japanese encephalitis virus.

A first aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a use of compound I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus.

A second aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a use of compound I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a dengue virus.

A third aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a use of compound I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any condition the result of an infection by any one of the following viral agents: a West Nile virus, a yellow fever virus, a rhinovirus, a polio virus, a hepatitis A virus, a bovine viral diarrhea virus, and a Japanese encephalitis virus.

A fourth aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a use of compound I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any condition the result of an infection by a viral agent from any one of viruses belonging to the groups of Pestiviruses, hepaciviruses, or flavaviruses.

As noted above, the term “medicament” means a substance used in a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of a subject in need thereof, wherein the substance includes, but is not limited to, a composition, a formulation, a dosage form, and the like, comprising compound I. It is contemplated that the use of any of compound I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any of the antiviral conditions disclosed herein, either alone or in combination with another compound disclosed herein. A medicament includes, but is not limited to, any one of the compositions contemplated by the fourth embodiment disclosed herein.

A sixth embodiment is directed to a method of treating a subject infected with any one of a hepatitis C virus, a West Nile virus, a yellow fever virus, a degue virus, a rhinovirus, a polio virus, a hepatitis A virus, a bovine viral diarrhea virus, a Japanese encephalitis virus or those viruses belonging to the groups of Pestiviruses, hepaciviruses, or flavaviruses, said method comprising administering an effective amount of compound I to the subject.

A first aspect of the sixth embodiment is directed to a method of treating a subject infected with a hepatitis C virus, said method comprising administering an effective amount of compound I to the subject.

A second aspect of the sixth embodiment is directed to a method of treating a subject infected with a dengue virus, said method comprising administering an effective amount of compound I to the subject. A third aspect of the sixth embodiment is directed to a method of treating a subject injected with any one of a West Nile virus, a yellow fever virus, a rhinovirus, a polio virus, a hepatitis A virus, a bovine viral diarrhea virus, a Japanese encephalitis virus or those viruses belonging to the groups of Pestiviruses, hepaciviruses, or flavaviruses, said method comprising administering an effective amount of compound I to the subject.

It is intended that a subject in need thereof is one that has any condition the result of an infection by any of the viral agents disclosed herein, which includes, but is not limited to, a hepatitis C virus, a West Nile virus, a yellow fever virus, a dengue virus, a rhinovirus, a polio virus, a hepatitis A virus, a bovine viral diarrhea virus or a Japanese encephalitis virus; flaviviridae viruses or pestiviruses or hepaciviruses or a viral agent causing symptoms equivalent or comparable to any of the above-listed viruses.

As noted above, the term “subject” means a mammal, which includes, but is not limited to, cattle, pigs, sheep, buffalo, llama, dogs, cats, mice, rats, monkeys, and humans, preferably the subject is a human. It is contemplated that in the method of treating a subject thereof of the ninth embodiment can be any of the compounds contemplated herein, either alone or in combination with another compound disclosed herein.

Therapeutic efficacy can be ascertained from tests of liver function including, but not limited to protein levels such as serum proteins (e.g., albumin, clotting factors, alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases (e.g., alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase), 5′-nucleosidase, γ-glutaminyltranspeptidase, etc.), synthesis of bilirubin, synthesis of cholesterol, and synthesis of bile acids; a liver metabolic function, including, but not limited to, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid and ammonia metabolism. Alternatively the therapeutic effectiveness may be monitored by measuring HCV-RNA. The results of these tests will allow the dose to be optimized.

A fourth aspect of the sixth embodiment is directed to a method of treating a subject infected with hepatitis C virus or a subject infected with a dengue virus, said method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of compound I and an effective amount of another antiviral agent; wherein the administration is concurrent or alternative. It is understood that the time between alternative administration can range between 1-24 hours, which includes any sub-range in between including, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 hours. It will be understood that the effective amount of compound I and the effective amount of another antiviral agent can be formulated in the same dosage form or formulated in separate dosage forms.

A fifth aspect of the sixth embodiment comprises adding to the 3′-terminus of an HCV RNA strand or a DENV RNA strand a radical or its salt thereof represented by

where

is the point of attachment to the 3′-terminus. It is understood that addition of said compound to the nascent RNA strand will prevent or substantially increase the likelihood that propagation of the RNA strand having said compound added thereto will come to an end.

A seventh aspect of the sixth embodiment comprises increasing an intracellular concentration of a triphosphate (P₃) compound or its salt thereof represented by

in a cell infected with HCV or DENV.

When compound I is administered in combination with another antiviral agent the activity may be increased over the activity exhibited for compound I alone. When the treatment is combination therapy, such administration may be concurrent or sequential with respect to that of the nucleoside derivatives. “Concurrent administration” as used herein thus includes administration of the agents at the same time or at different times. Administration of two or more agents at the same time can be achieved by a single formulation containing two or more active ingredients or by substantially simultaneous administration of two or more dosage forms with a single active agent.

It will be understood that references herein to treatment extend to prophylaxis as well as to the treatment of existing conditions.

Examples of “another antiviral agent” include, but are not limited to: HCV NS3 protease inhibitors (see EP 1881001, US 2003/0187018, US 2005/0267018, US 2003/0119752, US 2003/0187018, US 2005/0090432, US 2009/0291902, US 2005/0267018, US 2005/0267018, US 2011/0237621, US 2009/0281141, US 2009/0105302, US 2009/0062311, US 2009/0281140, US 2007/0054842, US 2008/0108617, and US 2008/0108617); HCV NS5B Inhibitors (see US 2004/0229840, US 2005/0154056, US 2005/0098125, US 2006/0194749, US 2006/0241064, US 2006/0293306, US 2006/0040890, US 2006/0040927, US 2006/0166964, US 2007/0275947, U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,166, US 2007/0275930, US 2002/0147160, US 2002/0147160, US 2003/0176433, US 2004/0024190, US 2005/0043390, US 2005/0026160, US 2004/0171570, US 2005/0130923, US 2008/0146788, US 2007/0123484, US 2007/0024277, US 2007/0004669, US 2004/0142989, US 2004/0142993, US 2006/0004063, US 2006/0234962, US 2007/0231318, US 2007/0142380, WO 2004/096210, US 2007/0135363, WO 2005/103045, US 2008/0021047, US 2007/0265222, US 2006/0046983, US 2008/0280842, WO 2006065590, US 2006/0287300, WO 2007039142, WO 2007039145, US 2007/0232645, US 2007/0232627, WO 2007088148, WO 2007092000, and US 2010/0234316); HCV NS4 Inhibitors (see US 2005/0228013 and US 2007/0265262); HCV NS5A Inhibitors (see US 2006/0276511, US 2007/0155716, US 2008/0182863, US 2009/0156595, and US 2008/0182863); Toll-like receptor agonists (see US 2007/0197478); and other inhibitors (see US 2003/0207922, US 2006/0094706, US 2006/0122154, US 2005/0069522, US 2005/0096364, US 2005/0069522, US 2005/0096364, and US 2005/0215614); PSI-6130 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,429,572); RG7128 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,699); Compound A (disclosed in US 2010/0081628, see also compound 19a (PSI-938) and 19b disclosed in the same application, which are individual diastereomers of compound A); PSI-7977 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,580, claim 8) and PSI-7976 (disclosed in US 2010/0016251 and US 2010/0298257 (Ser. No. 12/783,680) (PSI-7977 (Sp-4) and PSI-7976 (Rp-4)); PSI-353661 (disclosed in US 2010/0279973, see compound II); telaprevir (also known as VX-950, which is disclosed in US 2010/0015090); boceprevir (disclosed in US 2006/0276405); BMS-790052 (disclosed in US 2008/0050336, see also US 2009/0041716); ITMN-191 (disclosed in US 2009/0269305 at Example 62-1); ANA-598 (shown below and identified as compound 31 in F. Ruebasam et al. Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2008) 18:3616-3621; and TMC435 (formerly known as TMC435350).

The antiviral agents can be formulated in a manner known to one of ordinary skill. The respective patent documents provide guidance for the respective formulations. The preferred dosage forms of the antiviral agents are those that are approved by the FDA. However, not to be limited, contemplated dosage forms of the antiviral agents are contemplated as follows: RG7128 (500 mg, 1000 mg, or 1500 mg); Compound A (5 mg to 1000 mg and values inbetween); PSI-7977 (100 mg, 200 mg, or 400 mg); A dosage form for VX-950 is disclosed in McHutchison et al. N. Engl. J. Med. (2009) 360(18): 1827-1838; see also WO 2009/038663; Boceprevir (WO 2009/038663).

Additional examples of “another antiviral agent” and contemplated dosages are identified in the following table.

Clinical Drug Name Drug Category Company Phase Dosage RG7128 Polymerase Roche in Phase I 500 mg BID, Inhibitor collaboration with 100 mg BID Pharmasset RG7227 Protease Roche in Phase I 100 mg TID, Inhibitor collaboration with 200 mg TID Pharmasset Telaprevir Protease Vertex Phase II N/A (VX-950) Inhibitor VX-222 Polymerase Vertex Phase II N/A Inhibitor BMS 790052 NS5a Inhibitor Bristol-Myers Squibb Phase II 60 mg once a day or 600 mg twice a day BMS 65032 Protease Bristol-Myers Squibb Phase II 60 mg once a Inhibitor day or 600 mg twice a day BMS-824393 NS5A Inhibitor Bristol-Myers Squibb Phase I N/A INX-189 HCV Polymerase Inhibitex Phase I from 3 mg to 100 Inhibitor mg, once a day PSI-938 Polymerase Pharmasset Phase I 300 mg once Inhibitor a day PPI-461 NS5A Inhibitor Presidio Phase I four single Pharmaceuticals doses followed by a 5-day, once-a-day dose IDX375 Polymerase Idenix Phase I 25 mg once Inhibitor daily (QD), 50 mg QD, 100 mg QD, 200 mg QD, or 200 mg twice a day ABT-072 Polymerase Abbott Phase I N/A Inhibitor Clemizole NS4B Inhibitor Eiger Phase I N/A BioPharmaceuticals MK-3281 Polymerase Merck Phase I N/A Inhibitor PSI-7851 Polymerase Pharmasset Phase I 50 mg, 100 mg, Inhibitor 200 mg, or 400 mg ABT-450 Protease Abbott/Enanta Phase I N/A HCV Inhibitor VX-813 Protease Vertex Phase I N/A Inhibitor PHX1766 Protease Phenomix Phase I 400 mg BID Inhibitor or 800 mg BID ABT-333 Polymerase Abbott Phase I N/A Inhibitor VX-916 HCV Polymerase Vertex Phase I N/A Inhibitor RG7128 Polymerase Pharmasset/Genentech Phase I 500 or Inhibitor 100 mg BID VX-500 HCV Protease Vertex Phase I N/A Inhibitor Filibuvir HCV Polymerase Pfizer Phase II 200, 300, or (PF- Inhibitor 0500 mg 00868554) BID (twice a day) ACH-1625 Protease Achillion Phase II 200 or 600 mg Inhibitor GS-9256 Protease Gilead Phase II N/A Inhibitor BI 201335 Protease Boehringer Ingelheim Phase II 240 mg Inhibitor Pharma (once-a-day) or 240 mg (twice-a-day) VX-222 Polymerase Vertex Phase II 250, 500, or Inhibitor 750 mg twice-a-day; 1500 mg once-a-day RG7227 Protease InterMune/Genentech Phase II N/A (Danoprevir) Inhibitor ANA598 Polymerase Anadys Phase II First day 800 Inhibitor Pharmaceuticals mg BID, followed by 200 or 400 mg twice daily Vaniprevir HCV Protease Merck Phase II 300 or 600 (MK-7009) Inhibitor mg twice a day; 300 or 600 mg once-a-day A-832 NS5A Inhibitor ArrowTherapeutics Phase II N/A GS 9190 Polymerase Gilead Phase II N/A Inhibitor VX-759 Polymerase Vertex Phase II 400 mg TID, Inhibitor 800 mg BID, or 800 mg TID SCH900518 Protease Schering/Merck Phase II N/A (Narlaprevir) Inhibitor BI 207127 Polymerase Boehringer Ingelheim Phase II N/A Inhibitor Pharma PSI-7977 Polymerase Pharmasset Phase IIa 100, 200, or Inhibitor 400 mg once-a-day TMC435 Protease Medivir/Tibotec Phase IIa N/A Inhibitor BMS 791325 Polymerase Bristol-Myers Squibb Phase IIa N/A Inhibitor BMS 650032 Protease Bristol-Myers Squibb Phase IIa/b N/A Inhibitor BMS 790052 NS5a Inhibitor Bristol-Myers Squibb Phase IIb N/A Boceprevir Protease Schering Phase III 800 mg three (SCH Inhibitor times a day 503034) Telaprevir Protease Vertex Phase III 750 mg every 8 (VX 950) Inhibitor hours; 1125 mg dose every 12 hours; BMS-824393 Type Unknown Bristol-Myers Squibb Phase I N/A SCY-635 Cyclophilin SCYNEXIS Phase I up to 900 Inhibitor mg/day ANA773 TLR Agonist Anadys Phase I 800, 1200, Pharmaceuticals 1600, or 200 mg every other day CYT107 Immunomodulator Cytheris Phase I N/A CF102 A3AR Agonist CAN-FITE Phase I N/A IMO-2125 TLR9 Agonist Idera Phase I N/A Pharmaceuticals Bavituximab Anti-Phospholipid Peregrine Phase I N/A (formerly Therapy Tarvacin) NOV-205 Immunomodulator Novelos Therapeutics Phase I N/A SD-101 TLR9 Agonist Dynavax Phase Ib N/A Miravirsen microRNA Santaris Phase II up to 12 Formerly Pharma mg/kg (SPC3649-LNA- antimiR ™- 122) CTS-1027 Anti- Conatus Phase II N/A inflammatory Oglufanide Immunomodulator Implicit Bioscience Phase II N/A disodium Alinia Thiazolides Romark Phase II 500 mg (nitazoxanide) twice daily SCV-07 Broad Spectrum SciClone Phase II N/A Immune Stimulator MitoQ Inflammation/ Antipodean Phase II N/A (mitoquinone) Fibrosis Inhibitor Pharmaceuticals Debio 025 Cyclophilin Debio Phase II 600 to 1000 Inhibitor mg/day PF-03491390 Pancaspase Pfizer Phase II 5 mg to 400 (Formerly Inhibitor Pharmaceuticals mg daily IDN-6556) (given 1 to 3 times a day)

According to the FDA-approved label dated Oct. 8, 2010, the recommended dose of COPEGUS (ribavirin) tablets depends on body weight and the HCV genotype to be treated, as shown in the following table.

HCV Genotype PEGASYS Dose* COPEGUS Dose Duration Genotypes 1, 4 180 μg  <75 kg = 1000 mg 48 weeks ≧75 kg = 1200 mg 48 weeks Genotypes 2, 3 180 μg 800 mg 24 weeks Genotypes 2 and 3 showed no increased response to treatment beyond 24 weeks. *See PEGASYS Package Insert for further details on PEGASYS dosing and administration.

The COPEGUS label further discloses that the recommended duration of treatment for patients previously untreated with ribavirin and interferon is 24 to 48 weeks. The daily dose of COPEGUS is 800 mg to 1200 mg administered orally in two divided doses. The dose should be individualized to the patient depending on baseline disease characteristics (e.g., genotype), response to therapy, and tolerability of the regimen.

An eighth embodiment is directed to a compound or a salt thereof represented by formula A,

wherein each one of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen or a protecting group (PG).

In a first aspect of the eighth embodiment, PG is selected from among —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)aryl, —C(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(O)O(C₁₋₆alkylene)aryl, —C(O)Oaryl, —CH₂O-alkyl, —CH₂O-aryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, and a silicon-containing protecting group. One of ordinary skill will appreciate that Z¹ and Z² can be the same, while Z³ is different or that Z¹ and Z² are a part of the same radical, such as in the instance of ˜Si(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OSi(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂˜, which would be derived from, for example, a 1,3-dihalo-1,1,3,3-tetra(C₁₋₆alkyl)disiloxane.

In a second aspect of the eighth embodiment, PG is selected from among, benzoyl, acetyl, —C(O)OCH₂Ph, phenyl-substituted benzoyl, tetrahydropyranyl, trityl, DMT (4,4′-dimethoxytrityl), MMT (4-monomethoxytrityl), trimethoxytrityl, pixyl (9-phenylxanthen-9-yl) group, thiopixyl (9-phenylthioxanthen-9-yl), 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthine-9-yl (MOX), tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, and ˜Si(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OSi(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OH, such as, —Si(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂OH or ˜Si(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂˜.

In a third aspect of the eighth embodiment, each of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen.

In a fourth aspect of the eighth embodiment, each of Z¹ and Z² is hydrogen and Z³ is benzoyl.

In a fifth aspect of the eighth embodiment, Z¹ and Z² are comprised of ˜Si(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂˜ and Z³ is hydrogen or benzoyl.

A ninth embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-4′

wherein R¹ is as defined for compound I-3-4

or

a compound represented by formula I-3-5′,

wherein R^(1a), R^(1c), are as defined for compound I-3-5

said process comprising

reacting compound A′ with a nucleophile and optionally deprotecting to obtain compound B′

wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and -cycloalkylamino, and wherein each one of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen or a protecting group (PG) and reacting B′ with an appropriate reagent to obtain either I-3-4′ or I-3-5′.

Conditions for converting B′ to I-3-4′ are as described herein. Conditions for converting B′ to I-3-5′ are as described herein, e.g., as described in the tenth embodiment.

In a first aspect of the ninth embodiment, the nucleophile is comprised of a C₁₋₆alkoxide. The C₁₋₆alkoxide is obtained from methanol, ethanol, propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, s-butanol, t-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, neopentanol, t-pentanol, and hexanol.

In a second aspect of the ninth embodiment, the nucleophile is comprised of a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl. The —OC₁₋₃alkaryl is obtained from the respective C₁₋₃alkaryl alcohol. For example, —OCF₂Ph is obtained from benzylalcohol.

In a third aspect of the ninth embodiment, the nucleophile is comprised of a C₁₋₆alkylthiolate. The C₁₋₆alkyl thiolate is obtained from methylthiol, ethylthiol, propylthiol, i-propylthiol, n-butylthiol, i-butylthiol, s-butylthiol, t-butylthiol, n-pentylthiol, isopentylthiol, neopentylthiol, t-pentylthiol, and hexylthiol.

In a fourth aspect of the ninth embodiment, the nucleophile is comprised of a —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). The —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) is obtained from methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, t-propylamine, n-butylamine, z-butylamine, s-butylamine, t-butylamine, n-pentylamine, isopentylamine, neopentylamine, t-pentylamine, and hexylamine.

In a fifth aspect of the ninth embodiment, the nucleophile is comprised of a -cycloalkylamino. The cycloalkylamino is derived from its respective cycloalkylamine.

In a sixth aspect of the ninth embodiment, the nucleophile is comprised of a —C₃₋₆cycloalkylamino. The —C₃₋₆cycloalkylamino is obtained from cyclopropylamine, 2-methyl-cyclopropylamine, cyclobutylamine, 2-methyl-cyclobutylamine, cyclopentylamine, 2-methyl-cyclopentylamine, cyclohexylamine, 2-methyl-cyclohexylamine, etc.

In solution or in the solid-state the nucleophile, i.e., the C₁₋₆alkoxide (C₁₋₆alkylO⁻), the C₁₋₃alkaryloxide (⁻O(C₁₋₃alkaryl), the C₁₋₆alkylthiolate (C₁₋₆alkylS⁻), the C₁₋₆alkylamide (C₁₋₆alkylNH⁻), and the cycloalkylamide (cycloalkylNH⁻) (or the C₃₋₆cycloalkylamide (⁻NHC₃₋₆cycloalkyl)), is associated with a cationic species, M. M is generally an alkali metal cation, such as Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, etc. or a tetraalkylammonium, such as tetra-n-butyl-ammonium (^(n)Bu₄N⁺). However, M can be other cationic species so long as the association with the nucleophile permits reaction with A.

In each of the first six aspects of the ninth embodiment, the nucleophile can be pre-formed or prepared in situ. A pre-formed nucleophile can be obtained commercially or prepared by procedures known to one of ordinary skill. The so-prepared pre-formed nucleophile can optionally be isolated as a solid or used directly in the reaction of the ninth embodiment. A nucleophile prepared in situ may occur in the presence or absence of compound A. In the instance of a pre-formed nucleophile or a nucleophile prepared in situ, the solvent used depends on the conditions of the reaction. In certain aspects a suitable solvent is a polar aprotic solvent. Examples of polar aprotic solvents include, but are not limited to, DMSO, HMPA, DMF, THF, 2-methyl-THF, dioxane, cyclopentylmethylether, t-butyl-methylether, etc. In other aspects the nucleophile is obtained directly from the solvent. For example, the solvent for the solvent for the first aspect of the ninth embodiment could be an C₁₋₆alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc.), in which the C₁₋₆alkoxide can be obtained according to conventional procedures. Solvents for the second and third aspects of the ninth embodiment include polar aprotic solvent, as well as an alcoholic solvent. The solvent for the fourth aspect of the ninth embodiment could be a C₁₋₆alkylamine (e.g., methylamine, ethylamine, etc.), in which the C₁₋₆alkylamide is obtained by adding a base having sufficient basicity to obtain the desired nucleophile. Likewise, the solvent for the fifth and sixth aspects of the ninth embodiment could be a cycloalkylamine or a C₃₋₆cycloalkylamine (e.g., cyclopropylamine, cyclobutylamine, etc.), in which the cycloalkylamide or the C₃₋₆cycloalkylamide is obtained by adding a base having sufficient basicity to obtain the desired nucleophile. The optional deprotection step is done by conventional means.

A seventh aspect of the ninth embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5′, which comprises reacting compound A′ with a nucleophile to obtain compound B′, wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, a —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and a C₃₋₆cycloalkylamino, and wherein for compound I-3-5′, R^(1a) and R^(1c) are as defined, and R¹⁶ is a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl). a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, a —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and a C₃₋₆cycloalkylamino.

An eighth aspect of the ninth embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5′, which comprises reacting compound A′ with a nucleophile to obtain compound B′, wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl) and a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and wherein for compound I-3-5′, R^(1a) are R^(1c) are as defined, and R¹⁶ is a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl) or a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl.

A ninth aspect of the ninth embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5′, which comprises reacting compound A′ with a nucleophile to obtain compound B′, wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), and wherein for compound I-3-5′, R^(1a) and R^(1c) are as defined, and R¹⁶ is a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl).

A tenth aspect of the ninth embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5′, which comprises reacting compound A′ with a nucleophile to obtain compound B′, wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and wherein for compound I-3-5′, R^(1a) and R^(1c) are as defined, and R¹⁶ is a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl.

In an eleventh aspect of the ninth embodiment, PG is selected from among —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)aryl, —C(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(O)O(C₁₋₆alkylene)aryl, —C(O)Oaryl, —CH₂O-alkyl, —CH₂O-aryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, and a silicon-containing protecting group. One of ordinary skill will appreciate that Z¹ and Z² can be the same, while Z³ is different or that Z¹ and Z² are a part of the same radical, such as in the instance of ˜Si(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OSi(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂˜, which would be derived from, for example, a 1,3-dihalo-1,1,3,3-tetra(C₁₋₆alkyl)disiloxane.

In a twelfth aspect of the ninth embodiment, PG is selected from among, benzoyl, acetyl, —C(O)OCH₂Ph, phenyl-substituted benzoyl, tetrahydropyranyl, trityl, DMT (4,4′-dimethoxytrityl), MMT (4-monomethoxytrityl), trimethoxytrityl, pixyl (9-phenylxanthen-9-yl) group, thiopixyl (9-phenylthioxanthen-9-yl), 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthine-9-yl (MOX), tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, and ˜Si(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OSi(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂OH, such as, —Si(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂OH or ˜Si(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂˜.

In a thirteenth aspect of the ninth embodiment, each of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen.

In a fourteenth aspect of the ninth embodiment, each of Z¹ and Z² is hydrogen and Z³ is benzoyl.

In a fifteenth aspect of the ninth embodiment, Z¹ and Z² are comprised of ˜Si(^(i)Pr)₂OSi(^(i)Pr)₂˜ and Z³ is hydrogen or benzoyl.

A tenth embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5″,

wherein

R^(1a) is phenyl or naphthyl;

R^(1c) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₃alkaryl; and

R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino;

said process comprising:

reacting compound A″ with a nucleophile and optionally deprotecting to obtain compound B″,

wherein

R^(17′) is —NHZ³, wherein each one of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen or a protecting group (PG);

the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and -cycloalkylamino;

and

reacting B″ with a phosphoramidate represented by formula C to obtain I-3-5″

wherein the phosphoramidate is comprised of a mixture of the S_(P)- and R_(P)-diastereomers.

The optional deprotection step is done by conventional means.

In a first aspect of the tenth embodiment, R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or —NHC₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

In a second aspect of the tenth embodiment, R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl).

In a third aspect of the tenth embodiment, R¹⁶ is —OC₁₋₃alkaryl.

In a fourth aspect of the tenth embodiment, R¹⁶ is —S(C₁₋₆alkyl).

In a fifth aspect of the tenth embodiment, R¹⁶ is —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl).

In a sixth aspect of the tenth embodiment, R¹⁶ is —NHC₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

In a seventh aspect of the tenth embodiment, the mole ratio of the S_(P)-diastereomer to the R_(P)-diastereomer ranges from about 2 to about 99.99 and all values in between, including 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, and 99.99.

In an eighth aspect of the tenth embodiment, the mole ratio of the R_(P)-diastereomer to the S_(P)-diastereomer ranges from about 2 to about 99.99 and all values in between, including 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, and 99.99.

In a ninth aspect of the tenth embodiment, the meanings of the protecting group for A″ is as described for A in the eighth embodiment.

An eleventh embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5′″

wherein R^(1a) is phenyl or naphthyl; R^(1c) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₃alkaryl; R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino; and R¹⁷ is —H or —NH₂

said process comprising reacting a compound represented by formula B′″ with a phosphoramidate represented by formula C to obtain I-3-5′″

wherein the phosphoramidate is comprised of a mixture of the S_(P)- and R_(P)-diastereomers.

In a first aspect of the eleventh embodiment, R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or —NHC₃₋₆cycloalkyl and R¹⁷ is H or NH₂.

In a second aspect of the eleventh embodiment, the mole ratio of the S_(P)-diastereomer to the R_(P)-diastereomer ranges from about 2 to about 99.99 and all values in between, including 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, and 99.99.

In a third aspect of the eleventh embodiment, the mole ratio of the R_(P)-diastereomer to the S_(P)-diastereomer ranges from about 2 to about 99.99 and all values in between, including 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, and 99.99.

Preparation

Schemes 1-2 provide general procedures for preparing 2′-spiro-ara and 2′-spiro-ribo-nucleosides.

The disclosed reagents are meant to be exemplary only and should not be meant to narrow the scope of the embodiments disclosed below.

A seventh embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride represented by formula I, by any of the processes disclosed herein.

A first aspect of the seventh embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof wherein

is

said process comprising any one of the following reaction steps a′-h′

PG

wherein B is defined above, PG is a protecting group, and LG is a leaving group.

A second aspect of the seventh embodiment is directed to a process for preparing a compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite thereof represented by formula I, wherein

is

said process comprising any one of the following reaction steps a′-h′

wherein B is as defined above, PG and PG′ are independent of one another leaving groups, and LG is a leaving group.

Scheme 3-6 provide general procedures for preparing additional compounds of formula I. In these schemes, Pg, represents a protecting group, which is defined herein. R is a substituent that provides for or is defined by the substituent “Y” as defined herein. As described above, examples of protecting groups are defined herein and disclosed in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(nd) ed. T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999. One of ordinary skill will appreciate the conditions available to protect and deprotect a given synthetic intermediate. Additionally, it is contemplated that one of ordinary skill would employ known procedures for the deoxygenation steps disclosed below.

See, e.g., Kim C. M. F. Tjen, et al Chem. Commun., 2000, 699-700.

One of ordinary skill will appreciate that other methods of preparing a compound of formula I are possible.

Procedures for introducing substituents at the 1′ or 4′ positions are disclosed in WO 2009/132135, as well as US 2009/0318380.

Procedures for preparing nucleosides and nucleotides of the “B” of Compound I-2 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,798,209, 4,138,547, 4,458,016, 7,285,659, and 7,285,660.

Procedures for preparing nucleosides and nucleotides containing the “B” of Compound I-3-1 are disclosed in any one of WO 2010/075517, WO 2010/075549, and WO 2010/075554.

Procedures for preparing nucleosides and nucleotides containing the “B6” of Compound I-3-7 (or I-3-9) are disclosed in any one of WO 2010/002877 and WO 2009/132135.

Procedures for preparing nucleosides and nucleotides containing the “B7” of Compound I-3-7 (or I-3-10) are disclosed in any one of WO 2010/036407, WO 2009/132135, and WO 2009/132123.

Procedures for preparing nucleosides and nucleotides containing the “B8” of Compound I-3-7 (or I-3-11) are disclosed in WO 2009/132123.

Procedures for preparing nucleosides and nucleotides containing the “B9” of Compound I-3-7 (or I-3-12) are disclosed in WO 2010/036407.

Procedures for preparing nucleosides and nucleotides containing the “B10” of Compound I-3-7 (or I-3-13) are disclosed in WO 2010/093608.

Procedures for preparing deuterides are known to one of ordinary skill and reference can be made to US 2010/0279973 and procedures disclosed therein.

Procedures for preparing compound I-3-5′″ are disclosed herein. Additional procedures for preparing and isolating compound C are disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 13/076,552 (US 2011/0251152), filed on Mar. 31, 2011 and U.S. Ser. No. 13/076,842 (US 2011/0245484), filed on Mar. 31, 2011. To the extent necessary, the subject matter of U.S. Ser. No. 13/076,552 and U.S. Ser. No. 13/076,842 is hereby incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

Not to be limited by way of example, the following examples serve to facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure.

In the examples that follow, certain abbreviations have been used. The following table provides a selected number of abbreviations. It is believed that one of ordinary skill would know or be able to readily deduce the meaning of any abbreviations not specifically identified here.

Abbreviation Meaning TMSCl Trimethylsilylchloride TIPSCl 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane EtOAc Ethtyl Acetate Pyr pyridine Ac2O Acetic Anhydride THF Tetrahydrofuran DCM (≡CH₂Cl₂) Dichloromethane MsCl Mesylchloride HMDS Hexamethyldisiloxane MeCN Acetonitrile NMO N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide p-TsOH para-toluene-sulfonic acid MOPS 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid HCHO formaldehyde NaHMDS Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide NMI N-methylimidazole DTP 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

I. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-ara-uracil and 2′-Spiro-ribo-uracil Analogs A. Preparation 2′-spiro-ara-uridines

The following scheme describes a possible synthetic route for the preparation of 2′-spiro-ara-uracil analogs, 32 and 36. A synthetic intermediate common to compounds 32 and 36 is compound 28, which is obtained by protecting uridine 25 with 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane (TIPSCl) followed by oxidation of the 2′-carbon to form compound 27. Compound 28 is prepared by reacting compound 27 with an appropriate allyl-containing reagent.

Example 1 Preparation of 1-((6aR,8R,9S,9aR)-9-allyl-9-hydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetraisopropyltetrahydro-6H-furo[3,2-f][1,3,5,2,4]trioxadisilocin-8-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 28 Step 1. Preparation of Compound 26.

To a solution of compound 25 (20.0 g, 82.58 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (150 mL) was added 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane (TIPSCl, 27.35 g, 86.71 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL). The organic solution was washed with H₂O and the solvent was evaporated to give a crude product 26 which was used for next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=10.11 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.38 (m, 4H), 3.96-4.00 (m, 2H), 0.91-1.21 (m, 28H).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 27

To a stirred solution of CrO₃ (13.0 g, 130.0 mmol), anhydrous pyridine (22 mL) and Ac₂O (13 mL) was added a solution of compound 26 (20.0 g, 41.28 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The mixture was stirred 60 min. The solution was filtered through to a short silica gel column. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:EtOAc=2:1) to give the compound 27 (9.0 g, 45%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=8.63 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.72-5.74 (m, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 4.09-4.17 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.91 (m, 1H), 1.00-1.21 (m, 28H).

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 28.

To a solution of compound 27 (5.0 g, 10.32 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added a solution of allylmagnesium bromide (20.63 mL, 20.63 mmol) at −78° C. and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 h. Then the temperature was raised to −10° C. and the reaction was quenched with H₂O. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic solution was dried with Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Hexanes:EtOAc=3:1) to give the compound 28 (4.0 g, 74%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=8.82 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.04-56.14 (m, 1H), 5.89 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.28-5.37 (m, 2H), 4.24 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.97-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.80 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.44 (s, 1H), 1.04-1.09 (m, 28H).

Example 2 Preparation of 1-((5S,6R,8R,9R)-9-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 32 (2′-spiro-THF-ara-uracil)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 29.

To a solution of compound 28 (2.0 g, 3.80 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added BH₃ (0.57 mL, 5.7 mmol) at room temperature and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and 2 M aqueous NaOH (3.8 mL, 7.6 mmol) and 30% aqueous H₂O₂ (1.72 mL, 15.21 mmol) was added slowly. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for 2 h and then poured into a mixture of diethyl ether (150 mL) and H₂O (150 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with diethyl ether (50 mL) and the combined organic solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×40 mL), and H₂O (2×40 mL), successively. The solution was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=1:1) to give the compound 29. (1.1 g, 53%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=10.39 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.86 (s, 1H), 5.70 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.14-4.17 (m, 2H), 3.96-3.99 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.47-3.52 (m, 1H), 2.02-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.97-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.90 (m, 1H), 0.99-1.11 (m, 28H).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 30.

A solution of MsCl (0.28 g, 2.42 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL) was added to a solution of nucleoside 29 (1.1 g, 2.02 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (2.0 mL) drop-wise at room temperature. After stirring for 12 h at room temperature, methanol (0.1 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene (2×5 mL) and then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×25 mL). The combined aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The combined organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=2:1) to give compound 30 (0.94 g, 74.6%).

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 31.

To a stirred suspension of NaH (108.8 mg, 4.53 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added a solution of compound 30 (0.94 g, 1.51 mmol) in THF drop-wise at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Ice-cold H₂O (10 mL) was slowly added followed by addition of CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Hexanes:EtOAc=2:1) to provide compound 31 (0.43 g, 54.02%).

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 32.

To a solution of compound 31 (150 mg, 0.285 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added Et₃N.3HF (0.3 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 32 (51.37 mg, 63.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=11.32 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.03-5.05 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.70 (m, 3H), 3.47-3.60 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.29 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.81 (m, 3H). HRMS (TOF-ESI): Calc. For C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₆, 285.1087. found 285.1070.

Example 3 Preparation of 1-((4S,5R,7R,8R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-5-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 36 (2′-spiro-oxetane-ara-uracil)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 33.

To a solution of compound 28 (4.8 g, 9.12 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) was bubbled with O₃ and the solution was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h. To the solution were added Me₂S (1 mL) and NaBH₄ (1.73 g, 45.60 mmol) at room temperature and the mixture was stirred overnight. The resulting solution was washed with H₂O and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=1:1) to give compound 33 (1.2 g, 25.7%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 11.16 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (s, 1H), 5.69-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.64 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.63 (m, 2H), 3.94-4.17 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.68 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.01-1.11 (m, 28H).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 34.

A solution of MsCl (0.31 g, 2.72 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a solution of nucleoside 33 (1.2 g, 2.26 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (2.0 mL) drop-wise at room temperature and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Methanol (5.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene (2×5 mL) and purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=2:1) to provide compound 34 (1.0 g, 73.0%).

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 35.

To a stirred suspension of NaH (59.2 mg, 2.467 mmol) in anhydrous THF was added a solution of compound 10 (1.0 g, 1.65 mmol) in THF (3 mL) drop-wise at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h at room temperature. Ice-cooled H₂O (10 mL) was slowly added to the solution followed by addition of CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanse:EtOAc=2:1) to give compound 35. (0.5 g, 59.25%).

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 36.

To a solution of compound 35 (300 mg, 0.585 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 ml) was added Et₃N.3HF (0.15 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 36 (61.26 mg, 38.78%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 11.42 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 5.87 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.04-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.19-4.24 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.61 (m, 3H), 3.01-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.45 (m, 1H). HRMS (TOF-ESI): Calc. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₆, 271.0925. found 271.0917.

B. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ribo-Uracil Analogs

The following scheme shows that 2′-spiro-ribo-uracil analogs can be prepared from a common synthetic intermediate, compound 40.

Example 4 Preparation of 1-((6aR,8R,9R,9aR)-9-allyl-9-hydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetraisopropyltetrahydro-6H-furo[3,2-f][1,3,5,2,4]trioxadisilocin-8-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 40 Steps 1-2. Compound 39

Preparation of compound 39 was accomplished according to literature method (Babu, B et al. Org Biomol. Chem. (2003) 1:3514-3526). A mixture of uracil (0.74 g, 6.59 mmol) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (20 mg) in HMDS was refluxed for 4 h and the clear solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in MeCN (60 mL). To the solution was added a solution of compound 37 (2.0 g, 3.3 mmol) followed by SnCl₄ (1 M in CH₂Cl₂ (8.24 mmol, 8.24 mL) at room temperature and the solution was heated at 65° C. for 3 h. The solution was poured into ice-water containing excess NaHCO₃ and EtOAc (200 mL). Organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (19-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give compound 38 (1.50 g, 76%) as white foam.

A suspension of compound 38 (2.5 g, 4.19 mmol) in 7N methanolic ammonia (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and the solution was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 39 (1.0 g, 83%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (s, 1H), 5.89 (m, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (m, 2H), 3.89 (m, 4H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 2.23 (m, 1H).

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 40.

To a solution of 39 (0.60 g, 2.11 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added TIPSCl at 0° C. within 10 min. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL). The solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give product 40 (1.00 g, 90%) as a syrup.

Example 5 Preparation of 1-((5R,6R,8R,9R)-9-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 44 (2′-spiro-THF-ribo-uracil)

Step 1. Preparation of compound 41.

To a solution of 40 (1.0 g, 1.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added borane-dimethylsulfide (2.85 mmol, 0.22 g) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. To the cooled solution was added 2N NaOH (1.9 mL, 3.8 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-8% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give product 41 (0.45 g, 44%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.61 (D, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (m, 4H), 3.60 (m, 3H), 3.21 (s, 1H), 1.70 (m, 4H), 1.10 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 545 [M+H]⁺.

Steps 2-3. Preparation of Compound 43.

To a solution of 41 (0.30 g, 0.55 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and pyridine (2 mL) was added a solution of MsCl (0.09 g, 0.83 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water (5 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give intermediate 42 (0.30 g, 87%). To THF (20 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.05 g, 2.01 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. To the mixture was added a solution of 42 (0.25 g, 0.40 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Water (1 mL) was added followed by addition of EtOAc (100 mL). The mixture was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give compound 43 (0.17 g, 80%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (s, 1H), 5.68 (dd, J=2.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (m, 5H), 1.90 (m, 4H), 1.05 (m, 12H). LC-MS (ESI): 527 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 44.

A mixture of 43 (0.05 g, 0.09 mmol) and NH₄F (100 mg) and catalytic TBAF in MeOH (10 mL) was refluxed for 5 h and the solvent was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 44 (0.02 g, 93%) as white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.09 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (m, 6H), 1.95 (m, 4H). LC-MS (ESI): 284 [M+H]⁺.

Example 6 Preparation of 1-((4R,5R,7R,8R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-5-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 48 (2′-spiro-oxetane-ribo-uracil)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 45.

To a solution of 40 (0.25 g, 0.47 mmol) in THF (5 mL), t-BuOH (50 mL) and water (0.8 mL) was added OsO₄ (0.5 mL, 2.5% in t-BuOH) followed by addition of NMO (0.5 mL, 50% in water) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was co-evaporated with EtOH (20 mL) twice. The residue was dissolved in THF (8 mL) and water (2 mL). To the mixture was added NaIO₄ (0.29 g, 1.34 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. To the mixture was added MeOH (10 mL). To the mixture was added NaBH₄ (3 mol eq) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. EtOAc (10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. Solid was filtered off. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 45 (0.16 g, 69%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.35 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (m, 8H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 1.00 (m, 12H). LC-MS (ESI): 531 [M+H]⁺.

Steps 2-3. Preparation of Compound 47.

To a solution of 45 (0.25 g, 0.47 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and pyridine (2 mL) was added MsCl (0.10 g, 0.94 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water (2 mL) was added and the solution was evaporated to dryness. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the organic solution was washed with water, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0.80% EtOAc in hexanes) to give intermediate 46 which was dissolved in THF (10 mL). The solution was added into a mixture of NaH (130 mg, 60% mineral oil) in THF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and poured into EtOAc (100 mL). The organic solution was washed with water, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-80% EtOAc in hexanes) to give compound 47 (0.054 g, 64%). δ_(H) (CDCl₃): 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (m, 2H), 4.21 (d, J=13.6 Hz. 1H), 4.00 (m, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 2.62 (m, 2H), 1.10 (m, 12H). LC-MS (ESI): 513 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 48.

To a solution of 47 (0.07 g, 0.14 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added NH₄F (100 mg) and the mixture was refluxed for 3 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-12% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 48. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.93 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (m, 2H), 3.95 (m, 2H), 3.72 (m, 2H), 2.60 (m, 2H). LC-MS (ESI): 270 [M+H]⁺.

II. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Cytosine Analogs

Examples 7-10 describe procedures for converting a protected 3′-5′-2′-spiro-uracil derivative to its corresponding cytidine derivative, as shown by the following equation.

Ex Starting Material

Product 12 43

49 13 31

50 14 35

51 15 47

52

Example 7 Preparation of 4-amino-1-((5R,6R,8R,9R)-9-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-6-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one, 49 (2′-spiro-THF-ribo-cytidine)

To a solution of compound 43 (0.08 g, 0.14 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was added DMAP (0.02 g, 0.14 mmol) and Et₃N (0.07 g, 0.71 mmol) followed by addition of TsCl (0.08 g, 0.43 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. To the solution was added NH₄OH (30%, 2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Solvent was evaporated to dryness and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene twice to give crude cytosine analog which was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and pyridine (1 mL). To the solution was added BzCl (0.1 mL, 0.86 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water (5 mL) was added and the mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL) and the solution was washed with water, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give N-benzoylcytosine analog which was dissolved in THF (10 mL). To the solution was added TBAF (0.12 g, 0.48 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column (0-8% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give N-benzoyl nucleoside which was dissolved in 7N NH₃ in MeOH (8 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column (0-30% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give product 49 (0.09 g, 56% from 43). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.09 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 5.87 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (m, 6H), 2.80 (m, 4H). LC-MS (ESI): 284 [M+H]⁺.

Example 8 Preparation of 4-amino-1-((5S,6R,8R,9R)-9-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-6-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one, 50(2′-spiro-THF-cytidine)

Compound 50 is prepared from compound 31 using a procedure that is analogous to that described in Example 7.

Data for 50: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆): δ=7.65 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.19 (m, 2H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.86-4.92 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.70 (m, 4H), 3.35-3.38 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.85 (m, 3H). LC-MS (ESI): m/z 283.9 [M+1]⁺. HRMS (TOF-ESI): Calc. For C₁₂H₁₈N₃O₅, 284.1241; found 285.1235.

Example 9 Preparation of 4-amino-1-((4S,5R,7R,8R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-5-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one, 51 (2′-spiro-oxetane-ara-cytidine)

Compound 51 is prepared from compound 35 using a procedure that is analogous to that described in Example 7.

Data for 51: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.55 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.76 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.11 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.63 (m, 3H), 2.87-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.47 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): m/z 269.9 [M+1]⁺. HRMS (TOF-ESI): Calc. For C₁₁H₁₆N₃O₅, 270.1084; found 270.1081.

Example 10 Preparation of 4-amino-1-((4R,5R,7R,8R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-5-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one, 52 (2′-spiro-oxetane-THF-cytidine)

Compound 52 is prepared from compound 47 using a procedure that is analogous to that described in Example 7.

Data for 52: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.097.98 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 5.87 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (m, 2H), 3.96 (m, 2H), 3.74 (m, 2H), 2.54 (m, 2H). LC-MS (ESI): 270 [M+H]⁺.

III. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ara- and 2′-Spiro-Ribo Guanosine Analogs A. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ara-Guanosine Analogs Example 11 Preparation of (5S,6R,8R,9R)-6-(2-amino-6-methoxy-9H-purin-9-yl)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-9-ol, 62(2′-spiro-THF-ara-(2-amino-6-methoxy-purine) analogs)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 54.

To a solution of compound 53(20.0 g, 66.29 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (400 mL) was added NaOMe (3.58 g, 66.29 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h. The solution was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to give a crude compound 54. (18.0 g, 91.14%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=8.09 (s, 1H), 5.75 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.02-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.86-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J=12.0 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (dd, J=12.0 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 55.

To a solution of compound 54 (18.0 g, 60.55 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added TIPSCl (22.9 g, 72.66 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL). The solution was washed with H₂O, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to give a crude 55 which was used for next step without further purification. (16.6 g, 50.8%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.41 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.00-4.09 (m, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.91-3.97 (m, 1H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H).

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 56.

To a solution of compound 55 (16.6 g, 30.8 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) was added Et₃N (6.45 mL, 46.2 mmol) and TMSCl (4.99 g, 46.2 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred room temperature for 10 h and the solution was washed with H₂O, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=5:1) to give intermediate (16.5 g, 87.53%) which was dissolved in pyridine (150 mL). To the solution was added solution of CH₃COCl (1.92 ml, 26.96 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C. and the solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The organic solution was washed with H₂O, dried with Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=5:1) to give the compound 56 (11.0 g, 62.5%).

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 57.

To a solution of compound 56 (11.0 g, 17.65 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was added p-TsOH (1.1 g, 6.39 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL). The solution was washed with H₂O and dried with Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanse:EtOAc=5:1) to give compound 57 (8.0 g, 77.9%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=10.39 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 5.61 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.49-4.51 (m, 2H), 4.07-4.11 (m, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 4.00-4.02 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.94 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H).

Step 5. Preparation of Compound 58.

To a stirred solution of CrO₃ (2.58 g, 25.8 mmol), anhydrous pyridine (4.18 mL, 51.6 mmol) and Ac₂O (2.47 mL, 25.8 mmol) was added a solution of compound 57 (5.0 g, 8.61 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The mixture was stirred 60 min and filtered through a short silica gel column. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=3:1) to give compound 58 (3.0 g, 60.0%)

Step 6. Preparation of Compound 59.

To a solution of compound 58 (3.0 g, 5.18 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added solution of allylmagnesium bromide (10.36 mL, 10.36 mmol) at −78° C. and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at the same temperature. Then the temperature was raised to −10° C. and the reaction was quenched with H₂O. The mixture was extracted with DCM. The organic solution was dried with Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=3:1) to give compound 59 (2.0 g, 62.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆): δ=10.36 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 5.82-5.90 (m, 1H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 5.01-5.20 (m, 2H), 4.46 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.97-4.06 (m, 3H), 2.48-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H).

Step 7. Preparation of Compound 60.

To a solution of 59 (1.20 g, 2.07 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was added BH₃.SMe₂ (0.5 mL, excess) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. To the solution was added an additional BH₃.SMe₂ (0.5 mL, excess) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. To the resulting solution was added 2N NaOH (2 mL) followed by the addition of H₂O₂ (30%, 2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. To the mixture was added additional 2N NaOH (2 mL) followed by the addition of H₂O₂ (30%, 2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. EtOAc (200 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column (0-80% EtOAc in hexanes) to give product 60 (0.28 g, 22.7%) as foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz CDCl₃): 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 6.41 (br s, 1H), 6.15 (s. 1H), 5.00 (br s, 1H), 4.48 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.81 (J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (m, 1H), 2.28-1.98 (m, 7H), 1.08 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 640 [M+H]⁺.

Step 8. Preparation of Compound 61.

To a solution of compound 60 (0.28 g, 0.44 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) was added MsCl (0.3 mL, 3.88 mmol), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was used for the next reaction without purification.

To a solution of the mesylate obtained above in THF (30 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.3 g, 7.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water (10 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL). To the solution was added NH₄F (0.20 g, 5.40 mmol) and the mixture was heated at reflux for 5 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give product 61. (0.20 g, 47.8%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): 8.8.46 (s, 1H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 4.20 (m, 4H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.34 (m, 1H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.86 (m, 3H). LC-MS (ESI): 380 [M+H]⁺.

Step 9. Preparation of Compound 62.

To a solution of compound 61 (0.08 g, 0.21 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added NaOMe (4.8 M, 0.4 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give a solid which was recrystallized from MeOH in EtOAc to product 62 as white solid (0.04 g, 56%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): 8.05 (s, 1H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 3.83 (m, 2H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.61 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 338 [M+H]⁺.

Example 12 Preparation of (4S,5R,7R,8R)-5-(2-amino-6-methoxy-9H-purin-9-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-8-ol, 66 (2′-spiro-oxtane-ara-(2-amino-6-methoxy-purine) analog)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 64.

To a solution of compound 63 (1.7 g, 2.74 mmol) in DCM (250 mL) was bubbled with O₃ and the solution was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h. To the solution were added Me₂S (1 mL) and NaBH₄ (0.104 g, 2.74 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred overnight and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic solution was dried with Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=1:1) to give compound 64 (0.8 g, 47.06%).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 65.

A solution of MsCl (0.22 g, 1.92 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added to a solution of 64 (0.80 g, 1.28 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (5.0 ml) drop-wise at room temperature and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Methanol (5.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene (2×5 mL) and purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc=3:1) to give the mesylate (0.50 g, 55.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=8.15 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 4.66-4.69 (m, 2H), 4.51 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.05-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.81-3.87 (m, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.50-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.24 (m, 1H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H).

To a stirred suspension of NaH (113.8 mg, 2.84 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added a solution of the mesylate (0.50 g, 0.71 mmol) in THF (5 mL) drop-wise at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of ice-cold H₂O (10 mL) slowly and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give 2′-oxetane-intermediate (0.4 g, 92.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=8.48 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 4.86 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 3.98-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.34 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.45-2.52 (m, 1H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H).

To a stirred solution of 2′-oxetane-intermediate (400 mg, 0.658 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (50 mL) was added NaOMe (71.28 mg, 1.32 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The solution was evaporated to give compound 65 (0.3 g, 92.6%).

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 66

To a stirred solution of 65 (300 mg, 0.53 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (30 mL) was added NH₄F (39.28 mg, 1.06 mmol) at room temperature and the solution was heated to refluxed for 10 h. The solution was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH=20:1) to provide compound 66 (36.0 mg, 21.05%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 6.52 (s, 2H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 5.92 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.19 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.94-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.59 (m, 2H), 2.95-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.37 (m, 1H). HRMS (TOF-ESI): Calc. For C₁₃H₁₇N₅O₅, 324.1308; found 324.1306.

B. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ribo-Guanosine Analogs Example 13 Preparation of (5R,6R,8R,9R)-6-(2-amino-6-methoxy-9H-purin-9-yl)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-9-ol, 72 (2′-spiro-THF-ribo-(2-amino-6-methoxy-purine) analog)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 67.

To a precooled (0° C.) solution of compound 37 (4.00 g, 6.59 mmol) and 6-chloroguanine (1.68 g, 9.89 mmol) in MeCN (80 mL) were added DBN (2.46 g, 19.78 mmol) then TMSOTf (5.86 g, 26.38 mmol), and the solution was heated at 65° C. for 5 h then room temperature for 16 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature and poured into a mixture of EtOAc (300 mL) and excess NaHCO₃ with ice. Organic solution was washed with NaHCO₃, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give compound 67 (3.2 g, 74%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 8.18-7.25 (m, 16 Hz), 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.40 (m, 3H), 5.12 (m, 2H), 4.82 (m, 1H), 4.74 (m, 3H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 654 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 68.

To a mixture of compound 67 (3.20 g, 4.89 mmol) in MeOH (80 mL) was added 25% NaOMe in MeOH 1.86 g, 48.92 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give product 68 as white solid. ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 8.13 (s, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 5.67 (m, 1H), 4.77 (m, 1H), 4.56 (m, 1H), 4.45 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.13-3.83 (m, 6H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.05 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 338 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 69.

To a solution of compound 68 (1.33 g, 3.94 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL) was added TIPSCl (1.37 g, 4.34 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue re-dissolved in EtOAc (400 mL) and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give intermediate (1.30 g, 57%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 7.757 (s, 1H), 5.93 (s, 1H), 5.66 (m, 1H), 4.88 (m, 1H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.73 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (m, 1H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 4.08 (m, 7H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 1.07 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 450 [M+H]⁺. To a solution of the intermediate in pyridine (10 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added benzoyl chloride (0.63 g, 4.48 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the solution was evaporated to give a residue which was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL). Organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 69 (1.50 g, 98%) as foam. δ_(H) (CD₃OD): 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.78 (m, 6H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 5.72 (m, 1H), 5.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 5H), 2.32 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.05 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 684 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 70.

To a solution of compound 69 (0.20 g, 0.29 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added BH₃.SMe₂ (0.15 g, 1.46 mmol) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. To the solution was added 2N NaOH (2N, 1 mL) then H₂O₂ (0.5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give compound 70 (0.07 g, 33%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.65 (m, 5H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 4H), 3.50 (m, 2H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.61 (m, 2H), 1.27 (m, 1H), 1.10 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 702 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5. Preparation of Compound 71.

To a solution of compound 70 (0.05 g, 0.07 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and pyridine (0.5 mL) was added MsCl (0.1 mL g, excess) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added to the reaction. The mixture was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene twice to give mesylate. To a solution of the mesylate in THF (10 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.06 g, 1.50 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL). To the solution was added NH₄F (0.10 g, 2.75 mmol) and the mixture was refluxed at 60° C. for 4 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give product 71 (0.023 g, 74% from 70) as white solid. ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.80 (m, 5H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 9H), 1.94 (m, 3H), 1.36 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 440 [M+H]⁺.

Step 6. Preparation of Compound 72.

To a solution of 71 (0.03 g, 0.07 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added NaOMe (0.11 g, 2.00 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give nucleoside 72 (0.02 g, 87%) as white solid. ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 8.24 (s, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (m, 8H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.80 (m, 1H), 1.34 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 338 [M+H]⁺.

The corresponding guanosine derivative of 72 is prepared in a manner analogous to Example 15.

Example 14 Preparation of (4R,5R,7R,8R)-5-(2-amino-6-methoxy-9H-purin-9-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-8-ol, 76 (2′-spiro-oxetane-ribo-(2-amino-6-methoxy-purine) analog)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 74.

To a mixture of compound 73 (0.30 g. 0.44 mmol) in THF (6 mL), t-Butanol (6 mL) and water (1 mL) was added 0.25% OsO₄ in t-Butanol (0.5 mL) followed by addition of 50% NMO (0.2 mL, 0.85 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene twice to give diol as a mixture of diastereomers which was dissolved in THF (10 mL). To the solution was added water (1 mL) followed by addition of NaIO₄ (excess) portion-wise until starting material disappeared at room temperature for 3 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL) and EtOH (10 mL). To the pre-cooled solution at 0° C. was added NaBH₄ (50.16 mg, 1.32 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 74 (0.14 g, 43% from 73). ¹NMR (400 MHz CDCl₃): δ: 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.70 (m, 5H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 4.15 (m, 9H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 1.15 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 688 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 75.

To a solution of compound 74 (0.33 g, 0.47 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and pyridine (3 mL) was added MsCl (0.11 g, 0.94 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give mesylate (0.30 g, 82%). δ_(H) (CDCl₃): 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.65 (m, 5), 6.14 (s, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 4.54 (m, 2H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.16 (s, 3H), 4.10 (m, 3H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.05 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 766 [M+H]⁺. To a solution of mesylate (0.20 g, 0.26 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added NaH (60% mineral oil, 110 mg, 2.75 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was poured into EtOAc (100 mL) and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-80% EtOAc in hexanes) to give oxetane-intermediate (0.15 g, 57%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CDCl₃): δ: 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.65 (m, 5H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 7.74 (m, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.46 (, d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 3H), 4.00 (m, 2H), 2.56 (m, 2H), 1.09 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 686 [M+H]⁺.

To the solution of the oxetane-intermediate in MeOH (10 mL) was added NH₄F (1.3 mmol, 46.8 mg) and the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 5 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 75 (0.05 g, 43% from 74) as white solid. LC-MS (ESI): 428[M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 76.

A solution of compound 75 (0.20 g, 0.45 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added NaOMe (4.8 M, 0.8 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 76 (0.10 g, 69%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 8.15 (s, 1H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 4.50 (m, 3H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 2H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 324 [M+H]⁺.

Example 15 Preparation of 2-amino-9-((4R,5R,7R,8R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-5-yl)-1H-purin-6(9H)-one, 77 (2′-spiro-oxetane-ribo-guanosine)

To a solution of compound 76 (0.04 g, 0.12 mmol) in MOPS buffer (0.1 M, 10 mL) was added adenosine deaminase (2.0 mg) and the solution was kept at 37° C. for 2 days. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-30% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give a crude compound 77 which was recrystallized from MeOH to remove crystalline of phosphate salt from buffer. The residue was re-dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and formic acid (1 mL) was added. The solution was evaporated and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene twice. The resulting solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-30% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give product 77 as white solid (0.02 g, 65%). ¹NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ: 8.04 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 4.54 (m, 2H), 4.36 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (m, 1H), 3.78 (m, 2H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.33 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 310 [M+H]⁺.

IV. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ara- and 2′-Spiro-Ribo-Adenine Analogs A. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ara-Adenine Analogs Example 16 Preparation of (4S,5R,7R,8R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-8-ol, 87

Compound 87 is prepared using an eight-step reaction sequence that begins with adenine (78).

Step 1: Preparation of Compound 79

Compound 78 (30.0 g, 112.26 mmol) was dried by co-evaporation with anhydrous pyridine three times and dissolved in dry pyridine (400 mL). To the solution was added TMSCl (60.98 g, 561.3 mmol) and the solution was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. To the resulting solution was added benzoyl chloride (78.9 g, 561.3 mmol) dropwise and the mixture was stirred 3 h at room temperature. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and H₂O (120 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. NH₃.H₂O (30%, 230 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. Solid was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O and EtOAc to give crude product 79. (38.0 g, 91.6%)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=12 Hz, 2H), 7.62-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.53-757 (m, 2H), 6.05 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=7.6 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H),

Step 2: Preparation of Compound 80

To a solution of compound 79 (38.0 g, 102.33 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added TIPSCl (38.7 g, 122.8 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 20 h at room temperature. Solvent was removed under reduce pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL). The solution was washed with H₂O and the solvent was removed to give 80 which was used for next step without further purification. (45.0 g, 71.62%)

Step 3: Preparation of Compound 81

To a stirred solution of CrO₃ (20.0 g, 32.58 mmol), anhydrous pyridine (15.8 mL, 195.48 mmol) and Ac₂O (9.5 mL, 97.74 mmol) was added a solution of compound 80 (20.0 g, 32.58 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂. (100 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 min. The solution was passed through a short silica gel column. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:EtOAc=3:1) to give compound 81 (4.0 g, 21.2%)

Step 4: Preparation of Compound 82

To a solution of compound 81 (4.0 g, 6.9 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added a solution of allylmagnesium bromide (13.82 mL, 3.82 mmol) at −78° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hours at the same temperature. Then the temperature was increased to −10° C. and the reaction mixture was quenched with H₂O and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄ and solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purificated by silica gel column chromatography. (hexane:EtOAc=2:1) to give compound 82 (1.6 g, 35.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 11.20 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.65 (m, 3H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.82-5.95 (m, 1H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 515-5.23 (m, 1H), 5.02-5.10 (m, 1H), 4.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.85-4.10 (m, 3H), 2.55-2.60 (m, 2H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H),

Step 5: Preparation of Compound 83

To a solution of compound 82 (1.6 g, 2.45 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was bubbled with O₃ at −78° C. and the solution was stirred at the same temperature for 3 h. To the solution was added 1 ml of Me₂S followed by addition of NaBH₄ (92.5 mg, 2.45 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred overnight. The solution was washed with H₂O and the solvent was removed to give a crude product which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:EtOAc=1:1) to give compound 83 (1.0 g, 62.1%).

Step 6: Preparation of Compound 84

A solution of MsCl (0.349 g, 3.04 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of nucleoside 83 (1.0 g, 1522 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (5.0 mL) at room temperature. After stirring for 12 h, methanol (5.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene (2×5 mL) then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×25 mL). The combined aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give compound 84 which was used for the next reaction without further purification.

Step 7: Preparation of Compound 85

To a stirred suspension of NaH (180 mg, 4.50 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added a solution of compound 84 (1.0 g, 1.50 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, ice-water (10 mL) was slowly added. CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added and the separated organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL). The combined aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SC₄) and the solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to provide 85 which was used for the next reaction without further purification.

Step 8: Preparation of Compound 86

To a stirred solution of compound 85 (1.0 g, 1.55 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (50 mL) was added NaOMe (0.5 g, 9.26 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The solution was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to give crude product 86.

Step 9: Preparation of Compound 87.

To a stirred solution of compound 86 (0.8 g, 1.49 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (30 mL) was added NH₄F (550 mg, 14.9 mmol) and the mixture was heated at reflux for 10 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to give a crude product which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH=20:1) to provide compound 87 (36.0 mg, 21.05%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.29 (s, 2H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 5.90 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.08-4.30 (m, 2H), 3.92-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.70-374 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.66 (m, 2H), 2.98-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.49 (m, 1H). HRMS (TOF-ESI): Calc. For C₁₂H₁₆N₅O₄, 294.1197; found 294.1194.

Example 17 Preparation of (5S,6R,8R,9R)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-9-ol (94)

In the preparation of 94, it is possible to forego protection of the 6-amino-purine, which means that 94 can be prepared from adenine (78) using a seven-step sequence.

Step 1: Preparation of Compound 88

To a solution of compound 78 (30.0 g, 112.0 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added TIPSCl (342.5 g, 113.5 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred overnight and the solvent was removed under reduce pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL). The solution was washed with H₂O and the solvent was removed to give 88 which was used for next reaction without further purification.

Step 2: Preparation of Compound 89

To a solution of CrO₃ (21.2 g, 212 mmol), anhydrous pyridine (32.42 mL, 414 mmol) and Ac₂O (20.3 ml, 212 mmol) was added compound 88 (54.0 g, 106 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h and passed through a short silica gel column. The solvent was removed and the residue was co-evaporation with anhydrous toluene twice to give a crude compound 89 which was used for the next reaction without further purification.

Step 3: Preparation of Compound 90

To a solution of compound 89 (31.0 g, 61.1 mmol) in THF (300 mL) was added a solution of allylmagnesium bromide (122 mL, 122 mmol) in THF (50 mL) at −78° C. and the solution was stirred for 2 h at the same temperature. The temperature was then raised to −10° C. and the reaction mixture was quenched by addition of NH₄Cl solution and the mixture was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SC₄ and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purificated by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:EtOAc=3:1) to give product 90 (8.0 g, 23.8%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.28 (s, 2H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 5.82-5.92 (m, 1H), 5.44 (s, 1H), 5.12-5.19 (m, 1H), 5.01-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.56 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.96-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.89 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.55 (m, 2H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H),

Step 4: Preparation of Compound 91

To a solution of compound 90 (2.0 g, 3.64 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added a solution of BH₃ (1.82 mL, 18.2 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred for 2 h at the same temperature. To the solution was added a mixture of H₂O₂ (4.13 mL, 36.4 mmol) and NaOH (9.1 mL, 18.2 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and extracted with DCM. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:EtOAc=1:1) to give product 91 (0.6 g, 29%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 2H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 4.52-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.49 (m, 1H), 3.96-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.84 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.60 (m, 2H), 0.94-1.04 (m, 28H),

Step 5: Preparation of Compound 92

A solution of MsCl (0.058 g, 0.51 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of nucleoside 91 (0.24 g, 0.42 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (5.0 mL) at room temperature. After stirring for 12 h, methanol (5.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene (2×5 mL). The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and the solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×25 mL). The combined aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give crude product 92 which was used for the next reaction without further purification.

Step 6: Preparation of Compound 93

To a stirred suspension of NaH (112 mg, 2.79 mmol) in anhydrous THF was added a solution of compound 92 (0.45 g, 0.697 mmol) in THF dropwise at 0° C. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, ice-water (10 mL) was slowly added and the mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The separated organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL). The combined aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to provide 93 (330 mg, 86.1%) for the next reaction without further purification.

Step 7: Preparation of Compound 94

To a stirred solution of compound 93 (0.25 g, 0.45 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (20 mL) was added NH₄F (200 mg, 5.4 mmol) and the mixture was heated at reflux for 10 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH=20:1) to give 94 (53.4 mg, 38.7%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.28 (s, 2H), 6.02 (s, 1H), 5.69 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.69 (m, 3H), 3.18-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.64 (m, 1H). HRMS (TOF-ESI): Calc. For C₁₃H₁₈N₅O₄ ⁺, 308.1359; found 308.1347.

B. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ribo-Adenine Analogs Example 18 Preparation of (4R,5R,7R,8R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-8-ol (100)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 95.

A mixture of N⁶-benzoyladenine (3.14 g, 13.19 mmol) in HMDS (30 mL) with (NH₄₎SO₄ (50 mg) was heated at 140° C. for 4 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in MeCN (50 mL). To the solution was added a solution of sugar 37 in MeCN (30 mL). To the resulting solution was added SnCl₄ (39.57 mml, 1M, 39.57 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. and the solution was stirred at 60° C. for 4 h. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and poured into ice-water, excess NaHCO₃ and EtOAc (200 mL) with stirring. Organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10-70% EtOAc in hexane) to give compound 95 as foam (1.95 g, 41%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.35-8.20 (m, 20H), 6.53 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (m, 1H), 4.68-5.00 (m, 4H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H). m/z: 724 (M+1).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 96.

A solution of compound 95 (1.9 g, 2.63 mmol) in methanolic ammonia (7N, 50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 96 (0.47 g, 53%) as white solid. LC-MS (ESI): 308 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 97.

To a solution of compound 96 (0.58 g, 1.84 mmol) in pyridine (50 mL) were added TIPSCl dropwise and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and room temperature for 16 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL). The solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 97 (0.65 g, 77%) as white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 5.70 (m, 1H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 5.04 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 4.12 (m, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=3.2, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (s, 1H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.20 (m, 4H), 1.07 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 550 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 98.

To a solution of compound 97 (0.25 g, 0.45 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) was added BzCl (3 eq) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h and room temperature for 2 h. To the solution was added 30% NH₄OH (1 mL) slowly. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene twice. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-8% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 98 (0.10 g, 34%) as white solid. LC-MS (ESI): 654 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5. Preparation of Compound 6.

To a solution of compound 98 (0.12 g, 0.19 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and t-BuOH (5 mL) and water (1 mL) was added 0.025% OsO₄ in t-BuOH (0.5 mL) and NMO (50%, 0.3 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was co-evaporated with EtOH twice. The residue was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and water (1 mL). To the solution was added NaIO₄ (10 eq) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Solid was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (5 mL) and EtOH (5 mL). To the solution was added NaBH₄ (5 eq) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. The mixture was poured into EtOAc (100 mL) and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatograph (0.8% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 99 (0.10 g, 80%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.12 (s, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.48-8.04 (m, 5H), 6.18 (s, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=4.4, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J=2.8, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (m, 2H), 3.65 (s, 1H), 3.28 (brs, 1H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m, 1H), 1.06-1.20 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 658 [M+H]⁺.

Step 6. Preparation of Compound 100.

To a solution of compound 99 (0.20 g, 0.30 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) was added MsCl (0.1 mL) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Water (5 mL) was added followed by addition of EtOAc (100 mL). The mixture was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene twice. The resulting mesylate was dissolved in dry THF (10 mL). To the solution was added NaH (100 mg, 2.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL). To the solution was added butylamine (1 mL) and NH₄F (100 mg) and the mixture was refluxed for 5 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 100 as white solid (0.04 g, 45.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.35 (brs, 2H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 5.51 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, OH), 5.14 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H, OH), 4.37 (m, 2H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m, 1H), 2.12 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 294 [M+H]⁺

Example 19 Preparation of (5R,6R,8R,9R)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-9-ol (5)

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 97.

To a solution of compound 96 (0.58 g, 1.84 mmol) in pyridine (50 mL) were added TIPSCl dropwise and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and room temperature for 16 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL) and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 97 as white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 98.31 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 5.71 (m, 1H), 5.56 (brs, 2H), 5.045 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=10.04 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 4.12 (m, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=3.2, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (s, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 2.07 (m, 1H), 1.00-1.25 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 550 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 101.

To a solution of compound 97 (0.10 g, 0.18 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added BH₃—SMe₂ (0.3 mL) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. To the solution was added H₂O₂ (1 mL) then 2 N NaOH (1 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 101 (0.02 g, 24%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 5.99 (brs, 2H), 4.81 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.72 (brs, 1H), 3.38 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.37 (m, 1H), 0.93-1.21 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 568 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 102.

To a solution of compound 101 (0.09 g, 0.16 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) was added TMSCl (0.1 mL) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. To the solution was added BzCl (0.1 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and room temperature for 4 h. 30% NH₄OH (3 mL) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL). To the solution was added 30% NH₄OH (1 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 102 (0.07 g, 62%) as foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.50-8.03 (m, 5H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 4.84 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=4.8, 12.4H, 1H), 4.16 (m, 1H), 4.04 (dd, 3.2, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (brs, 1H), 5.37 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.31 (m, 1H), 0.98-1.21 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 672 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 103.

To a solution of compound 102 (0.07 g, 0.10 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) was added MsCl at 0° C. and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. To the solution was added water (10 mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). Organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed to give a crude mesylate which was dissolved in THF (10 mL). To the solution was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 100 mg) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water (2 mL) was added slowly then the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic solution was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed to give protected 2′-spironucleoside which was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL). To the solution was added NH₄F (200 mg) and BuNH₂ (1 mL) and the mixture was refluxed for 5 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 103 (20 mg, as white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.84-4.12 (m, 5H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 308 [M+H]⁺.

V. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Ribo-(6-Substituted-Purine) Analogs

6-Substituted purine nucleosides can be prepared from common intermediate, 6-chloropurine analogs as shown in the following scheme.

Treatment of compound 67 with methanolic ammonia gave free nucleoside 104. Selective protection of 3′,5′-diol of nucleoside with TIPSCl followed by N-benzoylation provided intermediate 106. Ozonolysis of compound 106 followed by reduction of the resulting aldehyde gave compound 107. Selective mesylation of compound 108 followed by cyclization in the presence of base, such as NaH, or NaHMDS, afforded 2′-oxetanyl compound 109. Treatment of compound 109 with TBAF provided the key intermediate for the 6-substitution. Treatment of 6-chloropurine intermediate with alcohol or amine or other nucleophile provided 6-substituted 2′-spironucleoside.

Example 20 Preparation of N-(6-chloro-9-((4R,5R,7R,8R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-5-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl)benzamide (110) Step 1: Preparation of Compound 104

To a solution of compound 67 (6.5 g, 0.01 mol) in dry MeOH (50 mL) was added saturated NH₃/MeOH solution (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was recrystallized in MeOH/EtOAc to give the pure desired compound 104 (2.3 g, 67%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 6.98 (s, 2H), 5.86 (s, 1H), 5.54-5.60 (m, 1H), 5.37 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 1H), 4.66 (dd, J=10.4 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.24 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.69 (m, 1H), 2.21 (dd, J=14.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H). LC-MS (ESI): 341 [M+H]⁺

Step 2: Preparation of Compound 105.

Compound 104 (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) at 0° C. was stirred for 30 min until the solid was dissolved completely. To the solution was added TIPSCl (0.7 g, 2.2 mmol) dropwise and the stirring was continued at 0° C. for 3 h. Water (2 mL) was added and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The mixture was dissolved in EtOAc and the solution was washed with water, brine, and dried over MgSO₄. Solvent was evaporated to give crude compound 105 (0.75 g, yield: 88%). LC-MS (ESI): 584 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: Preparation of Compound 106

To a solution of compound 105 (0.75 g, 1.2 mmol) in a mixture of dry pyridine (15 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added BzCl (0.4 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL) and the organic phase was washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 106 as foam (0.8 g, yield: 97%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 5.62-5.73 (m, 1H), 5.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.30-4.35 (m, 2H), 4.05 (s, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J₁=12.4 Hz, J2=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (bs, 1H), 2.32-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.01-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.12-1.32 (m, 2H), 0.85-0.98 (m, 28H); LC-MS (ESI): 688 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4: Preparation of Compound 107.

To a solution of compound 106 (0.8 g, 1.1 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) in a 250 mL three-neck flask was bubbled with O₃ at −78° C. After color of reaction solution became blue, the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 5 min. Excess O₃ was removed by bubbling N2 into the reaction mixture. EtOAc (30 mL) and ethanol (30 mL) was added. To the resulting solution was added NaBH₄ (300 mg) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for additional 2 h. Additional EtOAc (300 mL) was added and the solution was washed with brine, water, and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (02% MeOH in DCM) to give compound 107 (0.40 g, 50%) as foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 4.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (s, 1H), 4.10-4.31 (m, 3H), 4.02-4.12 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.85 (m, 2H), 2.01-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.35-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.02-1.21 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 692 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5: Preparation of Compound 108.

To a solution of compound 107 (3.2 g, 4.5 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) was added triethylamine (3 mL), then MsCl (1 g, 8.8 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. DCM (150 mL) was added to the solution and the organic phase was washed with brine, water, and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (02% MeOH in DCM) to give compound 108 as foam (3.3 g, yield: 94%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 4.90 (bs, 1H), 4.59 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (bs, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J₁=12.8 Hz, J₂=4 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.15 (m, 1H), 4.02 (dd, J₁=12.8 Hz, J₂=2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (s, 1H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.03-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.02-1.21 (m, 28H). LC-MS (ESI): 770 [M+H]⁺.

Step 6: Preparation of Compound 13

To a solution of compound 108 (2.8 g, 3.6 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added 2M NaHMDS (5 mL, 10 mmol) in one portion at −20° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h, during which the temperature rose to 0° C. gradually. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and washed with a solution of ammonium chloride three times. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to give crude compound 109 which was used for the next reaction without further purification. LC-MS (ESI): 692 [M+H]⁺.

Step 7: Preparation of 110

To a solution of compound 109 (2.4 g, 3.6 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added TBAF (1.2 g, 4.5 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM/MeOH=60/1) to give compound 110 (1.3 g, 87%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 11.35 (s, 1H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.28 (s, 1H), 5.45 (bs, 1H), 5.01 (bs, 1H), 4.41-4.45 (m, 3H), 3.55-3.75 (m, 3H), 3.12-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.28 (m, 1H)). LC-MS (ESI): 432 [M+H]⁺.

Example 21 Preparation of (4R,5R,7R,8R)-5-(2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-8-ol (111)

110 (800 mg, 1.85 mmol) in cyclopropylamine (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. To the solution were added MeOH (10 mL) and 5.4 M NaOMe (1.71 mL, 9.26 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0 to 20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give 6-cyclopropylamino-nucleoside 111 (500 mg, 76%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.02 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 4.53 (m, 2H), 4.43 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.77 (m, 2H), 2.91 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 0.83 (m, 2H), 0.60 (m, 2H). LCMS (ESI): 349 (M+H)⁺.

Example 22 (4R,5R,7R,8R)-5-(2-amino-6-(azetidin-1-yl)-9H-purin-9-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-8-ol (112) was prepared.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.06 (s, 1H), 6.22 (s, 2H), 4.54 (m, 4H), 4.41 (m, 2H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.82 (m, 2H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.28 (m, 1H). LCMS (ESI): 349 (M+H)⁺.

VI. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Phosphoramidate Analogs

Examples 23-27 describe procedures for converting a corresponding -2′-spiro-nucleoside to its corresponding phosphoramidate, as shown by the following equation.

Ex Starting Material

B Product 23 70

2-NH₂-6-OMe-purine 113 24 32

Uracil 114 25 36

Uracil 115 26 44

Uracil 116 27 48

Uracil 117

Example 23 Preparation of (2S)-methyl 2-(((((4R,5R,7R,8R)-5-(2-amino-6-methoxy-9H-purin-9-yl)-8-hydroxy-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-7-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate, 113

To a pre-cooled solution of phenyl dichlorophosphate (2.1 g, 9.96 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was added L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride (1.39 g, 9.96 mmol) followed by addition of Et₃N (2.02 g, 19.92 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) slowly and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h then at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was filtered with Et₂O (20 mL). Solvent was evaporated to give chlorophosphate reagent which was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) for the next reaction. To a mixture of compound 70 (0.02 g, 0.06 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) were added N-methylimidazole (0.2 mL) and a solution of above reagent (0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with water, 1N HCl, aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, sequentially. Organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-8% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give compound 113 (0.01 g, 41%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.69, 7.61 (ss, 1H), 7.25 (m, 5H), 6.18 (ss, 1H), 5.08 (ss, 2H), 4.60 (m, 3H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.06 (ss, 3H), 3.90 (m, 3H), 3.60 (ss, 3H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 1.32 (m, 3H). LC-MS (ESI): 565 [M+H]⁺.

Example 24 Preparation of (2S)-methyl 2-(((((5S,6R,8R,9R)-6-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-9-hydroxy-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-8-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate, 114

Compound 114 is prepared from 32 using a procedure analogous to Example 23. Data for 114: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.75 (s, 1H), 7.60, 7.52 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (m, 5H), 6.05, 6.04 (ss, 1H), 5.65, 5.58 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 4.00 (m, 4H), 3.80 (m, 4H), 3.72, 3.70 (ss, 3H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.36 (m, 3H). LC-MS (ESI): 525 [M+H]⁺.

Example 25 Preparation of (2S)-methyl 2-(((((4S,5R,7R,8R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-8-hydroxy-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-7-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate, 115

Compound 115 is prepared from 36 using a procedure analogous to Example 23.

Data for 115: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.30 (m, 6H), 6.12 (ss, 1H), 5.62 (m, 1H), 4.07, 4.113.80 (m, 8H), 3.74, 3.72 (ss, 3H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 1.37 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). LC-MS (ESI): 512 [M+H]⁺.

Example 26 Preparation of (2S)-methyl 2-(((((5R,6R,8R,9R)-6-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-9-hydroxy-1,7-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan-8-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate, 116

Compound 116 is prepared from 44 using a procedure analogous to Example 23. Data for 116: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.51, 8.40 (ss, 1H), 7.48, 7.42 (d, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (m, 5H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 5.62 (m, 1H), 4.48 (m, 2H), 3.95 (m, 6H), 3.73, 3.72 (ss, 3H), 2.83 (m, 1H), 1.95 (m, 2H), 1.69 (m, 1H), 1.37 (m, 3H). LC-MS (ESI): 526 [M+H]⁺.

Example 27 Preparation of (2S)-methyl 2-(((((4R,5R,7R,8R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-8-hydroxy-1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-7-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate, 117

Compound 117 is prepared from 48 using a procedure analogous to Example 23.

Data for 117: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.15, 9.07 (ss, 1H), 7.26 (m, 7H), 6.19, 6.15 (ss, 1H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 4.50 (m, 4H), 3.95 (m, 4H), 3.72, 3.70 (ss, 3H), 3.42 (s, 1H), 2.75 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 1.35 (m, 3H). LC-MS (ESI): 512 [M+H]⁺.

VII. General Synthesis of Chiral Phosphoramidates

Example 29 General Procedure for preparation of chiral 2′-oxetanyl nucleoside phosphoramidates

To a solution of the oxetanyl nucleoside 70 (360 mg, 1.11 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) was added 1.7 M t-butylmagnesium chloride in THF (1.31 mmol) dropwise under ice-water bath. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and the chiral pentafluorophenyl phosphoramidate reagent (R=neopentyl (^(neo)Pen), 1.67 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added over 10 min by which time, the mixture became a clear solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and diluted with EtOAc, (200 mL). The solution was washed with NH₄Cl solution (30 mL×3), and dried with sodium sulfate. Solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0 to 3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give the oxetanyl nucleoside phosphoramidate (79%, R=neopentyl) as a white solid.

Compound P-Chirality No. (R_(P)/S_(P)) Ar R Analytical data 118 S_(P) Ph ^(i)Pr^(a) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.12 (m, 5H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.96 (m, 1H), 4.73 (dd, 1H, J = 8.8, 10.4 Hz), 4.61-4.53 (m, 3H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.98-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.70 (dd, 1H, J = 9.2, 11.2 Hz), 3.24 (d, 1H, J = 10.0 Hz), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.30 (d, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.18 (2d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.16. LC-MS (ESI): 593 [M + H]⁺. 119 R_(P) Ph ^(i)Pr^(a) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.12 (m, 5H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.97 (m, 1H), 4.6-4.53 (m, 4H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.99-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.85 (t, 1H, J = 11.2 Hz), 3.61 (bs, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.98 (bs, 1H), 1.29 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.74. LC-MS (ESI): 593 (M + H)⁺ 120 S_(P) Ph ^(neo)Pen^(b) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.12 (m, 5H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.72 (t, 1H, J = 10.0 Hz), 4.60-4.52 (m, 3H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.07-4.01 (m, 4H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.82 (d, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.15 (d, 1H, J = 10.0 Hz), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.35 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.89 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.11. LC-MS (ESI): 621 [M + H]⁺. 121 R_(P) Ph ^(neo)Pen^(b) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.66-4.52 (m, 4H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.03 (m, 4H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.72 (m, 3H), 3.42 (bs, 1H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.34 (d, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.91 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.76. LC-MS (ESI): 621 [M + H]⁺. 122 S_(P) Ph ethyl ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.14 (m, 5H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2m), 4.72 (t, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz), 4.59-4.54 (m, 3H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.09 (m, 5H), 4.00-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.77 (dd, 1H, J = 9.6, 11.2 Hz), 3.36 (d, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz), 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.18 (m, 1h), 1.31 (d, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.08. LC-MS (ESI): 579 [M + H]⁺. 123 S_(P)/R_(P) Np ^(neo)Pen^(b) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 8.10 (m, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.49 (m, 3H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 6.15 (ds, 1H), 5.08 and 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.84-4.60 (m, 2H), 4.54 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz), 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.11 (m, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 3.93 (m, 2H), 3.79 (dd, 1H, J = 1.6, 10.8 Hz), 3.64 (dd, 1H, J = 6.4, 10.0 Hz), 3.37 (broad ds, 1H), 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.31 and 1.28 (s, 3H), 0.86 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 5.041, 4.47. LC-MS (ESI): 671 [M + H]⁺. 124 S_(P) Ph ^(i)Bu^(c) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.12 (m, 5H), 6.18 (s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.7 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 4.60-4.53 (m, 3H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 4.05-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.78 (dd, 1H, J = 6.8, 10.4 Hz), 3.53 (d, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz), 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.88 and 0.86 (d, 6H, J = 1.6 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.15. LC-MS (ESI): 607 [M + H]⁺. 125 R_(P) Ph ^(i)Bu^(c) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.68-4.52 (m, 4H), 4.37 (m, 1H), 4.09-3.98 (m, 4H), 3.93-3.82 (m, 3H), 3.74 (t, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz), 3.34 (d, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.32 (d, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.89 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.74. LC-MS (ESI): 607 [M + H]⁺. 126 S_(P) Ph ^(n)Bu^(d) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.12 (m, 5H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.71 (t, 1H, J = 6.8 Hz), 4.59-4.52 (m, 3H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.11-3.91 (m, 7H), 3.81 (dd, 1H, J = 9.6, 11.6 Hz), 3.41 (d, 1H, J = 10.0 Hz), 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.27 (m, 5H), 0.87 (t, 3H, J = 7.6 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.12. LC- MS (ESI): 607 [M + H]⁺. 127 R_(P) Ph ^(n)Bu^(d) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.65-4.52 (m, 4H), 4.37 (m, 1H), 4.12-3.88 (m, 6H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.79 (t, 1H, J = 11.2 Hz), 3.43 (bs, 1H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.29 (m, 5H), 0.96 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.70. LC-MS (ESI): 607 [M + H]⁺. 128 S_(P) Ph ^(c)Pen^(e) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.12 (m, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.53 (m, 3H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.98-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.66 (dd, 1H, J = 9.6, 11.2 Hz), 3.17 (d, 1H), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.29 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.18. LC- MS (ESI): 619 [M + H]⁺. 129 R_(P) Ph ^(c)Pen^(e) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.16-5.13 (m, 3H), 4.64-4.54 (m, 4H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.99-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, 1H, J = 9.6, 11.6 Hz), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.28 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.76. LC- MS (ESI): 619 [M + H]⁺. 130 S_(P) Ph Bn^(f) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.11 (m, 10H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 3H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.01 (m, 4H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.74 (t, 1H, J = 2.6 Hz), 3.36 (bs, 1H), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 1.28 (d, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.27. LC-MS (ESI): 641 [M + H]⁺. 131 R_(P) Ph Bn^(f) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.12 (m, 10H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.10 (d, 2H, J = 1.2 Hz), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 4.62-4.51 (m, 3H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.03 (m, 4H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.74 (t, 1H J = 11.2 Hz), 3.31 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 1.31 (d, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 4.64. LC- MS (ESI): 641 [M + H]⁺. Notes: ^(a)iso-propyl. ^(b)neo-pentyl. ^(c)iso-butyl. ^(d)n-butyl. ^(e)cyclopentyl. ^(f)benzyl.

VIII. Synthesis of Cyclophosphate Prodrugs Example 30 Preparation of Compound 132

To a pre-cooled CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at −78° C. was added POCl₃ (0.07 mL, 0.74 mmol) and neopentyl alcohol (0.74 mmol)) to give a solution to which, Et₃N (0.12 mL, 0.87 mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h and the oxetanyl nucleoside 76 (70 mg, 0.22 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and then Et₃N (0.24 mL, 1.74 mmol) were added in one portion each. Then NMI (0.17 mL, 2.17 mmol) was added over 3 min. The resulting mixture was stirred for 6 h during which the temperature rose to room temperature. The mixture was cooled to −78° C., treated with concentrated HCl to pH 4, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The organic solution was washed with dilute HCl solution, dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0 to 3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give the oxetanyl nucleoside cyclophosphate 132 as a diastereomeric mixture (6.5 mg, 5.5%) as a syrup.

By the same fashion, the isopropyl cyclophosphate (133) was obtained as a diastereomeric mixture as a syrup (6.7 mg, from 100 mg of the oxetanyl nucleoside 76, 5%).

Cyclopentyl cyclophosphate 134 was also obtained as a diastereomeric mixture as a syrup (30 mg from 150 mg of the oxetanyl nucleoside, 14%).

Compound P-chirality No. (R_(P)/S_(P)) R Analytical data 132   1:1 mixture neopentyl ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7..71 (s, 1H), 6.21 and 6.20 (m, 1H), 5.11 and 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.48 (m, 3H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 4.07 and 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.70 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 0.93 and 0.91 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) 1.71, 1.62. LC-MS (ESI): 488 [M + H]⁺. 133 3.7:1 mixture isopropyl ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.63 and 7.62 (s, 1H), 6.06 and 6.02 (d, 1H, J = 0.8 Hz), 5.65 and 5.34 (2s, 1H, J = 10.4, 9.6 Hz), 5.00-4.79 (m, 3H), 4.67-4.32 (m, 4H), 4.13-4.04 (m, 4H), 2.81-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.42 (m, 6H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) −2.58, −5.77. LC-MS (ESI): 428 [M + H]⁺. 134 4.7:1 mixture cyclopentyl ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 7.64 (s, 1H), 6.07 and 6.03 (s, 1H), 5.66 and 5.24 (d, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz), 5.51-5.07 (m, 1H), 5.06 and 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.68-4.42 (m, 4H), 4.15-4.07 (m, 4H), 2.82-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.06-1.78 (m, 8H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz) δ (ppm) −2.59, −5.74. LC-MS (ESI): 454 [M + H]⁺.

IX. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Analogs

Additional procedures (both non-stereo- and stereoselective) for preparing phosphoramidates are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/783,680 (US 2010/0298257), filed May 20, 2010 and Ser. No. 13/076,552 (US 2011/0251152), filed on Mar. 31, 2011.

In addition of phosphoramidate analogs, cyclic phosphates are also contemplated. To that end, procedures for preparing cyclic phosphates are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/479,075 (US 2010/0081628), filed on Jun. 5, 2009.

Procedures for preparing certain phosphorus-containing compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,570.

Procedures for preparing a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,752,981 and US 2009/0209481.

Procedures for preparing a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphin-2-oxide are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,662.

Procedures for preparing certain 3′,5′-diacyl derivatives are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,699, see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,937 for examples of diacyl derivatives.

Procedures for preparing aminoacyl derivatives are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,957,924 and 6,083,953.

Procedures for preparing a derivative comprised of —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(alkyl))₂ are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,159.

Procedures for preparing a derivative comprised of —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂ are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,922,695; 5,977,089; and 6,043,230.

Procedures for preparing a derivative comprised of —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)alkyl)₂ are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,770,725; 5,849,905; 6,020,482; and 7,105,499.

X. Preparation of 2′-Spiro-Nucleotides

Starting Material

B Product 32

Uracil 135 48

Uracil 136 49

Cytosine 137 50

Cytosine 138 51

Cytosine 139 52

Cytosine 140

The unprotected nucleoside (0.10 mmol) was dissolved in DTP and cooled to 0-5° C. while maintaining an inert atmosphere. To the stirred solution was added freshly distilled phosphorus oxychloride (0.30 mmol). After 1 h at 0-5° C., tributylamine (0.30 mmol) and freshly dried tributylammonium pyrophosphate (0.25 mmol) were added. The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient temperature for 1 h and then quenched by the addition 1.0 M aqueous triethylamine bicarbonate buffer (1 mL). The reaction solution was directly applied in portions to an ion-exchange HPLC semi-preparative column (Dionex DNA-PAC) and eluted with a gradient of 0.5 M aqueous triethylammonium bicarbonate in water. The product containing fractions were combined and concentrated to dryness. The residue was then dissolved in about 5 mL water and then subjected to lyophilization to yield ca 0.01-0.02 mmol of nucleoside triphosphate as its monotriethylamine salt.

XI. Biological Evaluation of Selected Analogs

HCV replicon assay. HCV replicon assays using Clone A cells and ET-lunet cells were performed as described previously. L. J. Stuyver et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004, 48, 651-654. Briefly, Clone A cells and ET-lunet cells were seeded at a density of 1500 and 3000 cells per well in a 96-well plate, respectively. Test compounds serially diluted in culture medium without G418 were added to cells. Plates were incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere for 4 days. Inhibition of HCV RNA replication was determined by quantitative real time PCR. See, e.g., L. J. Stuyver et al. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2006, 17, 79-87.

To express the antiviral effectiveness of a compound, the threshold RT-PCR cycle of the test compound was subtracted from the average threshold RT-PCR cycle of the no-drug control (ΔCt_(HCV)). A ΔCt of 3.3 equals a 1-log 10 reduction (equal to the 90% effective concentration [EC₉₀]) in replicon RNA levels. The cytotoxicity of the test compound could also be expressed by calculating the ΔCt_(rRNA) values. The ΔΔCt specificity parameter could then be introduced (ΔCt_(HCV)-ΔCt_(rRNA)), in which the levels of HCV RNA are normalized for the rRNA levels and calibrated against the no-drug control.

Cell cytotoxicity assays. Each compound (serially diluted from 100 μM) was added to Huh7 (2×10³ cells/well), HepG2 (2×10³ cells/well), B×PC3 (2×10³ cells/well), or CEM (5×10³ cells/well) cells and allowed to incubate for 8 days at 37° C. A medium only control was used to determine the minimum absorbance value and an untreated cell. At the end of the growth period, MTS dye from the CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega) was added to each well and the plate was incubated for an additional 2 hours. The absorbance at 490 nm was read with a Victor3 plate reader (Perkin Elmer) using the medium only control wells as blanks. The 50% inhibition value (CC₅₀) was determined by comparing the absorbance in wells containing cells and test compound to untreated cell control wells.

The HCV NS5B reaction was performed in a 20 μL mixture containing varying concentrations of the test compound, 1 μM of all four natural ribonucleotides, [α-³²P]UTP, 20 ng/μL of genotype 1b (−) IRES RNA template, 1 unit/μL of SUPERase•In (Ambion, Austin, Tex.), 40 ng/μL of wild type or S282T NS5B Genotype 1b, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.75 mM MnCl₂, and 2 mM DTT in 50 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.5). The reaction was quenched by adding 80 μL of stop solution (12.5 mM EDTA, 2.25 M NaCl, and 225 mM sodium citrate) after incubating at 27° C. for 30 minutes. The radioactive RNA products were separated from unreacted substrates by passing the quenched reaction mixture through a Hybond N+ membrane (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.) using a dot-blot apparatus. The RNA products were retained on the membrane and the free nucleotides were washed out. The membrane was washed 4 times with a solution containing 0.6 M NaCl and 60 mM sodium citrate. After rinsing the membrane with water followed by ethanol, the membrane was exposed to a phosphorscreen and the products were visualized and quantified using a phosphorimager. The IC₅₀ values were calculated using GraFit program version 5 (Erithacus Software, Horley, Surrey, UK). All the reactions were done in duplicate and the results were reported as IC₅₀±standard error.

The biological activities of selected compounds are presented in Tables 1-5.

TABLE 1 Anti-HCV activity of selected nucleosides EC₅₀ Ex. Compound (μM) 32

>100 50

>100 36

>100 51

>100 44

>100 49

>100 48

>100 52

>54.49 62

>20 72

>20 76

>100 77

>20 66

>20

TABLE 2 Anti-HCV 1b activity of selected nucleoside phosphoramidates. Ex. Compound EC₅₀ EC₉₀ CC₅₀ 114

20.16 41.69 >100 115

28.5  71.09 >100 116

28.33 81.75 >100 117

16.71 49.20 >100 113

 1.55  7.66 >100

TABLE 3 Anti-HCV 1b activity of selected nucleoside phosphoramidates. EC₅₀ EC₉₀ CC₅₀ Ex. Compound P*^(a) (μM) (μM) (μM) 118

S_(P) 1.49 3.44 >20 119

R_(P) 4.52 >20 >20 120

S_(P) 0.39 0.676 >20 121

R_(P) 9.31 18.5 >20 122

S_(P)  0.857 3.0 >20 123

S_(P)/R_(P) ^(b) 0.31 0.853 >20 124

S_(P)  0.566 1.81 >20 125

R_(P) 4.42 8.45 >20 126

S_(P)  0.274 0.7 >20 127

R_(P) 3.1  6.45 >20 128

S_(P) 0.45 1.09 >20 129

R_(P) 0.67 1.97 >20 130

S_(P) 8.65 15.1 >20 131

R_(P) 11.7  >20 >20 ^(a)Chirality at Phosphorus (P*). ^(b)S_(P)/R_(P) = mixture of diastereomers.

TABLE 4 Anti-HCV 1b activity of selected nucleosides cyclic phosphates P- chirality EC₅₀ EC₉₀ CC₅₀ Example Structure (R_(P)/S_(P)) (μM) (μM) (μM) 132   (1:1)

  (1:1) >20 >20 >20 133 (3.7:1)

(3.7:1) >20 >20 >20 134 (4.7:1)

(4.7:1) 14.0 >20 >20

TABLE 5 Anti-HCV activity of selected nucleoside triphosphates against HCV polymerase wild-type and S282T mutant Wild-type S282T mutant Ex Compound IC₅₀ (μM) IC₅₀ (μM) 135

>100 136

39.4 >100 137

>45.3 >100 138

>100 139

>100 140

>8.48 56.7

Dengue CPE Assay. To measure cytopathic effect of Dengue virus 2, BHK-21 (Syrian Hamster Kidney, CCL-10 ATCC Manassas, Va.) cells were seeded at a density of 20,000 cells/well in a 96-well black/clear bottom plates (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) one day prior to start of the assay and allowed to attach overnight in EMEM (ATCC Manassas, Va.)+10% FBS (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere. The next day, the medium was removed and the cells were infected with Dengue 2 strain New Guinea C (VR-1584, ATCC Manassas, Va.) at an MOI of 0.08 pfu/cell for two hours in 50 μL EMEM+2% FBS. For both the single point and dose response assays, compounds (2×concentration) were diluted in EMEM+2% FBS and 50 μL was added to infected cells without removing virus. Cells were incubated for 3 days at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere. The medium was aspirated and 50 μL of CellTiter-Glo (Promega™, Madison, Wis.) was added to each well and read for 0.1 seconds on a Perkin Elmer Victor3 (Waltham, Mass.) plate reader. Percent survival was determined by subtracting the average value of infected control wells and normalizing to the non-infected wells. The effective concentration was calculated from the dose response data by forecasting 50% cells surviving with drug treatment.

TABLE 6 Activity of selected nucleoside phosphoramidates against dengue virus. EC₅₀ CC₅₀ Ex. Compound P*^(a) (μM) (μM) 113

R_(P)/S_(P) ^(b) 6.23 >20 118

S_(P) 5.06 >20 119

R_(P) 8.64 >20 120

S_(P) 1.88 >20 121

R_(P) 2.26 >20 122

S_(P) 5.84 >20 123

S_(P)/R_(P) ^(b) 1.74 >20 124

S_(P) 2.21 >20 125

R_(P) 1.98 >20 126

S_(P) 2.36 >20 127

R_(P) 1.61 >20 128

S_(P) 2.79 >20 129

R_(P) 2.36 >20 130

S_(P) 3.84 >20 131

R_(P) 1.49 >20 ^(a)Chirality at Phosphorus (P*). ^(b)S_(P)/R_(P) = mixture of diastereomers.

Although a full and complete description is believed to be contained herein, certain patent and non-patent references may include certain essential subject matter. To the extent that these patent and non-patent references describe essential subject matter, these references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. It is understood that the meanings of the incorporated subject matter are subservient to the meanings of the subject matter disclosed herein. The subject matter of U.S. 61/417,946, filed on Nov. 30, 2010 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The subject matter of U.S. Ser. No. 13/076,552 and U.S. Ser. No. 13/076,842, both filed on Mar. 31, 2011, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The foregoing description of the present invention provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise one disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. Thus, it is noted that the scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents. 

1: A compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof represented by formula I:

wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), where R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, iv) alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) an acyl, p) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and q) a —C(O)—O-alkyl; 2) R² is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) azido, d) cyano, e) a C₁₋₆alkyl, f) a vinyl, and g) an ethynyl; 3) R³ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) methyl, and c) cyano, 4) Y is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) —OH, d) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, e) —O(acyl), f) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), g) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, h) —NH₂, i) —NH(acyl), j) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, and k) azido; 5) X is selected from among a) —O—, b) —S— c) —NH—, d) —CH₂ e) >C═CH₂, and f) —-NH—C(O)—O-alkyl; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals a-o represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, b) D is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S— except for rings i and j, iii) —S(O)— except for rings i and j, iv) —S(O)₂— except for rings i and j, and v) —NH— except for rings i and j, vi) —N—, vii) a methylene except for rings i and j, viii) a methine, and ix) a vinylidene except for rings i and j, c) R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, and R^(9′) are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iv) hydroxy, v) alkoxy, vi) cycloalkoxy, vii) —O(acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl), xi) alkenyl, xii) ethynyl, xiii) —NH₂, xiv) —NH(alkyl), xv) —NH(cycloalkyl), xvi) heterocyclyl, xvii) aryl, and xviii) heteroaryl; and 7) B is selected from among B1, B2, and B3 represented by the following structures:

where for B1 n is 0 or 1, a) when n is O,

is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(alkyl), iii) —NH(acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) -heteroaryl, vii) —O(alkyl), viii) —O(acyl), ix) —O(C₁₋₆alkylene-oxyacyl), and x) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, or b) when n is 1,

is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, and iii) ═N(alkyl), and c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, v) C₂₋₅alkenyl, and vi) C₂₋₅alkynyl, where for B2, a) R¹³ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, v) C₁₋₆alkyl, vi) vinyl, and vii) ethynyl, where for B3 m is 0 or 1, and

is a single or double bond a) when m is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(alkyl), iv) —NH(acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) —O(alkyl), vii) —O(acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, and x) —S(alkyl), or b) when m is 1,

is a single-bond  b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, and iii) ═N(alkyl), and  b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(alkyl), iii) —NH(acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, and v) -cycloheteroalkyl, c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹

W², W²

C, C

W⁴, W⁴

W³, and W³

W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a double bond and i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴, ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵, iii) W³ is C or N, and iv) W⁴ is C or N and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 2: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 1, wherein B is B1 having the structure represented by formula I-1

wherein R¹, R², Y, R³,

, X, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², n, and

have the meanings described above. 3: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 2, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or vi) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) azido, and d) cyano; 3) R³ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) methyl, and c) cyano, 4) Y is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) —OH, d) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, e) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), f) —O(aminoacyl), g) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), h) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, i) —NH₂, j) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), k) —NH(aminoacyl), l) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl and m) azido; 5) X is selected from among a) —O— and b) —S—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, b) D is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, vi) a methylene, and vii) a vinylidene, c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) C₁₋₆alkyl iv) hydroxy, v) alkoxy, vi)cycloalkoxy, vii) —O(acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl), xi) alkenyl, xii) ethynyl, xiii) —NH₂, xiv) —NH(alkyl), xv) —NH(cycloalkyl), xvi) heterocyclyl, xvii) aryl, and xviii) heteroaryl; and 7a) n is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) -heteroaryl, vii) —O(alkyl), viii) —O(acyl), ix) —O(C₁₋₆alkylene-oxyacyl), and x) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, or 7b) n is 1,

is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, and iii) ═N(alkyl); and 7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, v) C₂₋₅alkenyl, and vi) C₂₋₅alkynyl. 4: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 2, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH— b) D is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, v) —NH—, vi) a methylene, and vii) a vinylidene, c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, and iii) C₁₋₆alkyl; and 7a) n is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or 7b) n is 1,

is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) ═O and ii) ═N(alkyl), and 7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, and v) C₂₋₄alkenyl. 5: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 2, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where  a) A is —O—,  b) D is —O— or —CH₂  c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and 7a) n is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or 7b) n is 1,

is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) ═O and ii) ═N(alkyl), and 7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, and v) C₂₋₄alkenyl. 6: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 2, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, j) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and d) —O(aminoacyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, and f represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where  a) A is —O—,  b) D is —O— or —CH₂  c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and 7a) n is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or 7b) n is 1,

is a single-bond and R¹⁰ is selected from among i) ═O and ii) ═N(alkyl), and 7c) independent of the value of n, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, and v) C₂₋₄alkenyl. 7: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 1, wherein B is B2 having the structure represented by formula I-2 wherein

wherein R¹, R², Y, R³,

, X, and R¹³ have the meanings described above. 8: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 7, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl. i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) azido, and d) cyano; 3) R³ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) methyl, and c) cyano, 4) Y is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) —OH, d) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, e) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), f) —O(aminoacyl), g) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), h) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, i) —NH₂, j) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), k) —NH(aminoacyl), l) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and m) azido; 5) X is selected from among a) —-O— and b) —S—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S— iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, b) D is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S— iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, vi) a methylene, and vii) a vinylidene, c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) C₁₋₆alkyl iv) hydroxy, v) alkoxy, vi) cycloalkoxy, vii) —O(acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl), xi) alkenyl, xii) ethynyl, xiii) —NH₂, xiv) —NH(alkyl), xv) —NH(cycloalkyl), xvi) heterocyclyl, xvii) aryl, and xviii) heteroaryl; and 7) R¹³ is hydrogen. 9: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 7, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, b) D is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, vi) a methylene, and vii) a vinylidene, c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) C₁₋₆alkyl; and 7) R¹³ is hydrogen. 10: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 7, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a)(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is —O—, b) D is —O— or —CH₂—, and c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and 7) R¹³ is hydrogen. 11: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 7, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) an C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and d) —O(aminoacyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, and f represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where  a) A is —O—,  b) D is —O— or —CH₂—, and  c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and 7) R¹³ is hydrogen. 12: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 1, wherein B is B3 having the structure represented by formula I-3

wherein R¹, R², Y, R³,

, X, W¹, W², W³, W⁴, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, m, and

have the meanings described above. 13: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) azido, and d) cyano; 3) R³ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) methyl, and c) cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) fluoro, c) —OH, d) ˜O—, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, e) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), f) —O(aminoacyl), g) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), h) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, i) —NH₂, j) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), k) —NH(aminoacyl), l) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and m) azido; 5) X is selected from among a) —-O— and b) —S—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, b) D is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S— iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, vi) a methylene, and vii) a vinylidene, and c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) C₁₋₆alkyl iv) hydroxy, v) alkoxy, vi) cycloalkoxy, vii) —O(acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆-alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, x) C₁₋₆alkylene-oxy(alkyl), xi) alkenyl, xii) ethynyl, xiii) —NH₂, xiv) —NH(alkyl), xv) —NH(cycloalkyl), xvi) heterocyclyl, xvii) aryl, and xviii) heteroaryl; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), or xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond and  b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, iii) ═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and  b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and v) -cycloheteroalkyl, 7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹

W², W²

C, C

W⁴, W⁴

W³, and W³

W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a double bond and i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴, ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵, iii) W³ is C or N, and iv) W⁴ is C or N, and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 14: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, b) D is selected from among i) —O—, ii) —S—, iii) —S(O)—, iv) —S(O)₂—, and v) —NH—, vi) a methylene, and vii) a vinylidene, c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) C₁₋₆alkyl; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond and  b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, and iii) ═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and  b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and v) -cycloheteroalkyl, and 7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹

W², W²

C, C

W⁴, W⁴

W³, and W³

W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a double bond and i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴, ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵, iii) W³ is C or N, and iv) W⁴ is C or N, and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 15: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(OXO(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen, ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, or v) alk(heteroaryl), and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, p) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and q) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl), and f) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, f, g, and h, represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is —O—, b) D is —O— or —CH₂ c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond and  b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, and iii) ═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and  b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and v) -cycloheteroalkyl, 7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹

W², W²

C, C

W⁴, W⁴

W³, and W³

W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a double bond and i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴, ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵, iii) W³ is C or N, and iv) W⁴ is C or N, and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 16: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or iv) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4/f-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) an C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-C₂₋₇acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl; 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and d) —O(aminoacyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is a four- or five-membered ring selected from among radicals c, d, e, and f represented by the following structures

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon and where a) A is —O—, b) D is —O— or —CH₂ c) R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, and R⁹ are each hydrogen; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond and  b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, and iii)═N(C₁₋₆alkyl), and  b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and v) -cycloheteroalkyl, 7c) independent of the value of m, each bonding pair, W¹

W², W²

C, C

W⁴, W⁴

W³, and W³

W¹, contained in the five-membered ring comprises a single or a double bond and i) W¹ is O, S, N, or CR¹⁴, ii) W² is N or CR¹⁵, iii) W³ is C or N, and iv) W⁴ is C or N, and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 17: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein W¹, W², W³, and W⁴ are as represented by formula I-3-1

and wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is −0˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, i) a C₂₋₇acyl, and j) an aminoacyl; and 2) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and d) —O(aminoacyl); and 3)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 4a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 4a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) -cycloalkylamino, v) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vi) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and viii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, ix) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and x) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and 4a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 4b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O; and 4b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 18: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 17, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) phenyl, iii) p-fluorophenyl, iv) p-chlorophenyl, v) p-bromophenyl, or vi) naphthyl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, f) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, g) a C₂₋₇acyl, and h) an aminoacyl; and 2) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and d) —O(aminoacyl); and 3)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 4a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 4a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) -cycloalkylamino, v) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vi) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and viii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, ix) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and x) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and 4a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂ and iiii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 4b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 4b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 19: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 17, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) phenyl, iii) p-fluorophenyl, iv) p-chlorophenyl, v) p-bromophenyl, or vi) naphthyl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, f) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, g) a C₂₋₇acyl, and h) an aminoacyl; and 2) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and d) —O(aminoacyl); and 3)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 4a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 4a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) -cycloalkylamino, v) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vi) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and viii) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and 4a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 4b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 4b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 20: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 17, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) phenyl, iii) p-fluorophenyl, iv) p-chlorophenyl, v) p-bromophenyl, or vi) naphtyl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or vi) C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, f) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, g) a C₂₋₇acyl, and h) an aminoacyl; and 2) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), and d) —O(aminoacyl); and 3)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 4a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 4a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 4a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 4a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 4a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 4b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 4b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 21: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein Y, W¹, W², W³, and W⁴ are as represented by formula I-3-2

and wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) phenyl, iii) p-fluorophenyl, iv) p-chlorophenyl, v) p-bromophenyl, or vi) naphthyl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, f) a C₂₋₇acyl, and g) an aminoacyl; and 2)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 3a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and 3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and 3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 3b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂. 22: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein R¹, Y, W¹, W², W³, and W⁴ are as represented by formula I-3-3

and wherein 1) R^(1a) is selected from among a) hydrogen, b) phenyl, c) p-fluorophenyl, d) p-chlorophenyl, e) p-bromophenyl, or f) naphthyl, and 2) R^(1c) is selected from among a) hydrogen b) C₁₋₆alkyl, c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; 3)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 4a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 4a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 4a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 4a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 4a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 4b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 4b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 4b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 23: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein Y, Z, W¹, W², W³ and W⁴ are as represented by formula I-3-4

and wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) phenyl, iii) p-fluorophenyl, iv) p-chlorophenyl, v) p-bromophenyl, or vi) naphthyl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, f) a C₂₋₇acyl, and g) an aminoacyl; and 2a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and 3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 2b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 24: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein R¹, Y, Z, W¹, W², W³, and W⁴ are as represented by formula I-3-5

wherein 1) R^(1a) is a) hydrogen, b) phenyl, or c) naphthyl, and 2) R^(1c) is a) hydrogen b) C₁₋₆alkyl, c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; 3a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 3b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 25: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 24, wherein 1) R^(1a) is a) hydrogen, b) phenyl, or c) naphthyl, and 2) R^(1c) is a) hydrogen b) C₁₋₆alkyl, c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; and 3a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂, or 3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 3b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂. 26: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 24, wherein 1) R^(1a) is a) hydrogen, b) phenyl, or c) naphthyl, and 2) R^(1c) is a) hydrogen b) C₁₋₆alkyl, c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; 3a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl)-OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and 3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂, or 3a3) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, and 3a4) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 3b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂. 27: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt thereof according to claim 23, wherein m, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ are as represented by formula I-3-6

and wherein 1) R¹ is hydrogen, —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, or —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂. 28: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 12, wherein R¹, Y, W¹, W², W³, and W⁴ are as represented by formula I-3-7

and wherein 1) R^(1c) is a) hydrogen b) C₁₋₆alkyl, c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; 2)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 3a) m is 0,

is a double-bond 3a1) R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino, and 3a2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂, or 3b1) R¹⁶ is —NH₂, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino and 3b2) R¹⁷ is hydrogen, or 3b) m is 1,

is a single-bond 3b1) R¹⁶ is ═O and 3b2) R¹⁷ is —NH₂ or —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 29: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 1, wherein B is selected from among B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, and BIO represented by the following structures

and R¹, R², Y, R³,

, X, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, m, and

have the meanings described above. 30: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) an C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(acyl), and d) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(alkyl), iv) —NH(acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) —O(alkyl), vii) —O(acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O-alkyl, x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond and  b1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) ═O, ii) ═NH, iii) ═N(alkyl), and  b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(alkyl), iii) —NH(acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O-alkyl, and v) -cycloheteroalkyl, 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 31: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(OL)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen, ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or vi)-C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) an C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(acyl), and d) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, v) -cycloheteroalkyl, vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), vii) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), viii) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), ix) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, x) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and xi) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and v) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond, 7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O; 7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 32: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)O(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, d) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, e) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl))₂, f) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃OCH₂(aryl))₂, g) —P(O)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SCH₂(aryl))₂, h) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or vi)-C₁₋₃alkaryl, i) —P*(O)(NH(alkaryl)(O(CH₂)₁₋₃SC(O)(C₁₋₆alkyl)), j) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, k) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, l) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, m) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, n) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, o) a C₂₋₇acyl, p) an aminoacyl, q) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and r) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), and d) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂, iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iv) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and v) —NH—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond, 7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O; 7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), and 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 33: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, i) a C₂₋₇acyl, j) an aminoacyl, k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), and e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂ and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond, 7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O; 7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵, if present, are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 34: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein B′ is B5 as represented

and wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, i) a C₂₋₇acyl, j) an aminoacyl, k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), and d)—O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), and vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂ and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond, 7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O; and 7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 35: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein B′ is B7 as represented by formula I-3-10

and wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, i) a C₂₋₇acyl, j) an aminoacyl, k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), and e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂ and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond,  7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;  7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁴ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 36: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein B′ is B8 as represented by formula I-3-11

wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, pr iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, i) a C₂₋₇acyl, j) an aminoacyl, k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), and e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂ and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond,  7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;  7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl). 37: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein B′ is B9 as represented by formula I-3-12

wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, i) a C₂₋₇acyl, j) an aminoacyl, k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), and e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂ and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond,  7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;  7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁵ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 38: The compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof according to claim 29, wherein B′ is B10 as represented by formula I-3-13

wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen or ii) aryl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) alkyl, iii) cycloalkyl, or iv) —C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) a 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide, e) a 4H-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2-oxide, f) —P*(O)(OR^(1c))˜, when Y is —O˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, g) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, h) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, i) a C₂₋₇acyl, j) an aminoacyl, k) a C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxy-acyl, and l) a —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, 2) R² is hydrogen; 3) R³ is hydrogen or cyano; 4) Y is selected from among a) —OH, b) —O˜, when R¹ is —P(O)(OR^(1c))˜, where R^(1c) is defined above, c) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), d) —O(aminoacyl), and e) —O(C₁₋₆-alkylene-oxyC₂₋₇acyl); 5) X is —O—; 6)

is selected from among

where * represents the point of attachment to the 2′-carbon; and 7a) m is 0,

is a double-bond, 7a1) R¹⁶ is selected from among i) —NH₂, ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), iii) —NH(C₂₋₇acyl), iv) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), v) —O(C₂₋₇acyl), vi) —O(C₁₋₆alkyleneoxyacyl), vii) —O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, viii) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), and ix) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, 7a2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) —NH₂ and iii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or 7b) m is 1,

is a single-bond,  7b1) R¹⁶ is ═O;  7b2) R¹⁷ is selected from among i) —NH₂ and ii) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl) and 7c) independent of the value of m, R¹⁵ is selected from among i) hydrogen, ii) halo, iii) cyano, iv) —C(O)NH₂, iv) C₁₋₆alkyl, vii) vinyl, and viii) ethynyl. 39: A composition comprising the compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof as claimed in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable medium. 40: A composition for treating a hepatitis C virus, which comprises an effective amount of the compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof as claimed in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable medium. 41: A composition for treating a dengue virus, which comprises an effective amount of the compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof as claimed in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable medium. 42: A method of treating a subject infected by a virus, which comprises: administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof as claimed in claim 1; wherein the virus is selected from among hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, a yellow fever virus, a dengue virus, a rhinovirus, a polio virus, a hepatitis A virus, a bovine viral diarrhea virus, and a Japanese encephalitis virus. 43: A method of treating a hepatitis C virus infection in a subject in need thereof, which comprises: administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof as claimed in claim
 1. 44: A method of treating a dengue virus infection in a subject in need thereof, which comprises: administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound or its stereoisomer or its salt or its metabolite or its deuteride thereof as claimed in claim
 1. 45-49. (canceled) 50: A method of treating a hepatitis C virus (HCV) or dengue (DENV) infection, which comprises adding to the 3′-terminus of an HCV or DENV RNA strand a radical or its salt thereof represented by

where

is the point of attachment to the 3′-terminus. 51: The method of claim 50, which comprises adding the radical or its salt thereof to the 3′-terminus of an HCV RNA. 52: The method of claim 50, which comprises adding the radical or its salt thereof to the 3′-terminus of a DENV RNA. 53: A method of treating a hepatitis C virus (HCV) or dengue (DENV) infection, which comprises increasing an intracellular concentration of a triphosphate (P₃) compound or its salt thereof or represented by

in a cell infected with HCV or DENV. 54: The method of claim 53, which comprises increasing the intracellular concentration of the triphosphate (P₃) compound in an HCV infected cell. 55: The method of claim 53, which comprises increasing the intracellular concentration of the triphosphate (P₃) compound in a DENV infected cell. 56: A compound or a salt thereof represented by formula A,

wherein each one of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen or a protecting group (PG). 57: A process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-4′

wherein 1) R¹ is selected from among: a) hydrogen, b) —P(O)(OH)₂, c) —P*(O)(OR^(1a))(NHCHR^(1b)C(O)OR^(1c)), wherein R^(1a) is i) hydrogen, ii) phenyl, iii) p-fluorophenyl, iv) p-chlorophenyl, v) p-bromophenyl, or vi) naphthyl, R^(1b) is i) hydrogen or ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(1c) is i) hydrogen ii) C₁₋₆alkyl, iii) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or iv) C₁₋₃alkaryl, d) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, e) —P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)—O—P(O)(OH)₂, f) a C₂₋₇acyl, and g) an aminoacyl; and or a compound represented by formula I-3-5′,

wherein 1) R^(1a) is a) hydrogen, b) phenyl, or c) naphthyl, and 2) R^(1c) is a) hydrogen b) C₁₋₆alkyl, c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or d) C₁₋₃alkaryl; and 3) R¹⁶ is a) —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), b) —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, c) —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), d) —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or e) -cycloalkylamino, said process comprising reacting compound A′ with a nucleophile and optionally deprotecting to obtain compound B′

wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and -cycloalkylamino, and wherein PG is a protecting group, and wherein each one of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen or a protecting group (PG) and reacting B′ with an appropriate reagent to obtain either I-3-4′ or I-3-5′. 58: The process according to claim 57 for preparing the compound represented by formula I-3-5′, wherein R¹⁶ is a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl). a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, a —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and a C₃₋₆cycloalkylamino and wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, a —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and a C₃₋₆cycloalkylamino. 59: The process according to claim 57 for preparing the compound represented by formula I-3-5′, wherein R¹⁶ is a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl) or a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl) and a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl. 60: The process according to claim 57 for preparing the compound represented by formula I-3-5′, wherein R¹⁶ is a —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), and wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a—O(C₁₋₆alkyl). 61: The process according to claim 58 for preparing the compound represented by formula I-3-5′, wherein R¹⁶ is a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, and wherein the nucleophile is comprised of a —OC₁₋₃alkaryl. 62: A process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5″,

wherein R^(1a) is phenyl or naphthyl; R^(1c) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₃alkaryl; and R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino; said process comprising: reacting compound A″ with a nucleophile and optionally deprotecting to obtain compound B″,

wherein R^(17′) is —NHZ₃, wherein each one of Z¹, Z², and Z³ is hydrogen or a protecting group (PG); the nucleophile is comprised of a radical selected from among, —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), and -cycloalkylamino; and reacting B″ with a phosphoramidate represented by formula C to obtain I-3-5″

wherein the phosphoramidate is comprised of a mixture of the S_(P)- and R_(P)-diastereomers. 63: The process according to claim 62, wherein R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or —NHC₃₋₆cycloalkyl. 64: The process according to claim 62, wherein the mole ratio of the S_(P)-diastereomer to the R_(P)-diastereomer ranges from about 2 to about 99.99 and all values in between, including 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, and 99.99. 65: The process according to claim 62, wherein the mole ratio of the R_(P)-diastereomer to the S_(P)-diastereomer ranges from about 2 to about 99.99 and all values in between, including 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, and 99.99. 66: A process for preparing a compound represented by formula I-3-5′″

wherein R^(1a) is phenyl or naphthyl; R^(1c) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₃alkaryl; R¹⁶ is —O(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC₁₋₃alkaryl, —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), or -cycloalkylamino; and R¹⁷ is —H or —NH₂ said process comprising reacting a compound represented by formula B′″ with a phosphoramidate represented by formula C to obtain I-3-5′″

wherein the phosphoramidate is comprised of a mixture of the S_(P)- and R_(P)-diastereomers. 